Keywords: PORTUGAL/ FLORA/ LICHENICOLOUS/ CATALOG/ LICHEN DISTRIBUTION/ MELANOHALEA/ IBERIAN PENINSULA/ MONTESINHO NATURAL PARK
Abstract: [Authors present a catalog of 424 taxa of lichens and lichenicolous fungi with Melanohalea septentrionalis recorded for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula.]
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Keywords: CLADONIA REI/ CLADONIA SUBULATA/ TAXONOMY/ MORPHOLOGY/ ITS/ MOLECULAR ANALYSIS/ SIBLING SPECIES/ SPECIES DELIMITATION/ SECONDARY CHEMISTRY
Abstract: [Using secondary chemistry, morphological data and molecular sequences (3 gene loci), authors conclude that C. subulata and C. rei should be maintained as two separate species.]
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Keywords: CLADONIA/ LICHEN/ ITS RDNA/ RPB2/ COX1/ PHYLOGENY/ TAXONOMY
Abstract: [Molecular (nrITS, RPB2 partial gene, and COX1), chemical, and morphological characters were used to clarify the taxonomic rank of these taxa.]
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Keywords: Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition/ Lichens/ Morphology/ Taxonomy/ Variability
Abstract: Species delimitation in the Cladonia gracilis group has long been known to be difficult due to morphological variability of taxa. The present study addresses the circumscription of species within this group, examining a number of specimens of the currently accepted taxa Cladonia coniocraea, C. cornuta subsp. cornuta, C. cornuta subsp. groenlandica, C. ecmocyna subsp. ecmocyna, C. ecmocyna subsp. intermedia, C. gracilis subsp. gracilis, C. gracilis subsp. elongata, C. gracilis subsp. tenerrima, C. gracilis subsp. turbinata, C. gracilis subsp. vulnerata, C. macroceras, C. maxima, and C. ochrochlora using genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition. We employed maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic reconstructions based on DNA sequences of ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA, RPB2 and partially EF1-α regions. Our results indicate that the C. gracilis group is monophyletic but that most currently accepted taxa do not form monophyletic groups, with the exception of C. ecmocyna and C. cornuta subsp. cornuta. Different tests suggest that incomplete lineage sorting and sporadic recombination events are responsible for a phylogeny that largely lacks support. Our data also strongly suggest that C. coniocraea, C. cornuta subsp. groenlandica, and C. ochrochlora are conspecific, with C. coniocraea being the oldest available name. The morphological characters in the group are shown to be highly homoplasious, causing, in tandem with phenotypical plasticity of the taxa, the difficulties in delimiting species in the C. gracilis group.
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Keywords: Chorology/ Cladonia/ Lichens/ SE Europe
Abstract: Field studies in the south of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia have revealed six lichen species new to Bosnia-Herzegovina: Cladonia cervicornis, C. conista, C. phyllophora, C. pulvinella, C. subcariosa and C. subrangiformis. Two species are new to Croatia: C. cryptochlorophaea and C. humilis.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev-BOCM.2012.v36.39438
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Abstract: Abstract: Phenotypic characters, either morphological or chemical, have shown to be insufficient to delimit species boundaries in the genus Cladonia. The present study addresses the circumscription of species within the Cladonia cariosa group, examining a number of specimens of the currently accepted taxa Cladonia cariosa, C. symphycarpa, C. acuminata, C. subcariosa and C. latiloba. We employed maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic reconstructions based on DNA sequences of ITS, rpb2 and ef1 regions. Our results show that the C. cariosa group consists of at least four phylogenetic lineages. It is also shown that each of these lineages is chemically variable, which restricts the taxonomic value of the chemical differences within the group. However, anatomical differences, such as squamule surface and cortex structure, were found to correlate with the distinct lineages found in the phylogenetic analysis. This result confirms the taxonomic value of the cortical surface under SEM, as was found in other lichen groups.
Genera/Families: Cladoniaceae
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Keywords: lichen taxonomy/ cryptic species/ species delimitation/ Cladonia
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New taxa: Cladonia corsicana
Genera/Families: Cladonia
Notes: New combination: Cladonia corsicana (Rondon & Vězda) Pino-Bodas, Burgaz & M. P. Martín
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Keywords: DNA barcoding/ Lichenized fungi/ Monophyletic probability of correct identification/ Species identification/ Ascomycota/ Cladonia/ Fungi
Abstract: The lichen-forming fungal genus Cladonia is species-rich with approximately 500 described species. The accepted barcode for fungi (ITS rDNA) often fails in identifying Cladonia spp. In order to find other markers that, in combination with the ITS rDNA region can be used for species identification in Cladonia, we studied the loci IGS rDNA, ef1?, rpb2 and cox1. A total of 782 sequences from 36 species have been analyzed. PCR amplification success rate, intraspecific and interspecific genetic distance variation, calculated using the K2P model, and the correct identification percentage (PCI) were taken into account to assess possible barcode regions. The marker showing the least intraspecific genetic distance range was cox1, followed by ITS rDNA and ef1?. Of the five studied markers only cox1 showed a barcoding gap. The rpb2 locus showed the highest PCI values, but it was the most difficult to amplify. The highest correct identification rates using blast method were obtained with rpb2. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12086
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Keywords: Ascomycota/ Cladonia/ Cladoniaceae/ ef1?/ Genealogical sorting index/ Lichen/ rpb2/ Species delimitation
Abstract: Premise of the study: The members of the Cladonia humilis complex are characterized by a well-developed primary thallus and broadly scyphose podetia. In the present study, this complex was phylogenetically analyzed to test the boundaries between the species and to determine the usefulness of the phenotypic characters to distinguish them. The species C. conista, C. cyathomorpha, C. hammeri, C. humilis, C. kurokawae, C. nashii, C. pulvinella, and C. subconistea were examined. Methods: Four DNA loci were sequenced and analyzed to test the monophyly of the species. For the phylogenetic reconstructions, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods were employed. The genealogical sorting index was used to quantify the exclusive ancestry of the nonmonophyletic species on the tree. Key results: The performed phylogenetic analyses showed that the C. humilis complex is not monophyletic. Cladonia nashii is not closely related to the remaining taxa within the complex. Seven monophyletic lineages were identified, most of which comprise specimens belonging to more than one chemotype. Cladonia hammeri and C. pulvinella are conspecific, and this taxon is not present in Europe. Conclusions: This study suggests that morphological characters and secondary metabolites have less taxonomical value than thought in the Cladonia humilis complex. Use of multilocus phylogeny is recommended to delimit species. © 2013 Botanical Society of America.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200162
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Abstract: A preliminary checklist for the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from the Pitiüses Archipelago in the Balearic Islands is presented, based on original records complemented with literature references. The catalogue of our collections in the Pitiüses Archipelago contains 302 lichens and lichenicolous fungi. To date, the checklist, together with records from the literature, include 360 lichens and 248 lichenicolous fungi, representing 113 genera. Muellerella lecanactidis is a new record for Europe, 6 lichens and lichenicolous fungi are new for Spain and the Iberian Peninsula, 57 for the Balearic Islands and 116 for the Pitiüses Archipelago.
Countries/Continents: Spain/Europe
Notes: Online checklist.
URL: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/atienzasesli-v126-checklist.pdf
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Keywords: ascospores/ direct optimization/ lichens/ molecular phylogeny/ muriform/ submuriform
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of Stereocaulon with emphasis on the crustose taxa were studied based on nuclear ribosomal ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 and partial beta-tubulin sequences. The placement of four of the six crustose species currently included in the genus has previously been confirmed based on molecular data. It has, however, remained unresolved whether the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic or apomorphic feature within Stereocaulon, due to contradictory placements of the crustose species in earlier studies. The aim of this study was to clarify the position of the crustose species by including additional data, especially of S. nivale and S. plicatile, which have not been included in previous analyses. The inclusion of S. plicatile in the genus is of particular interest as it is the only species in the genus with submurifrom to muriform ascospores. Altogether 37 specimens representing 31 species of the ingroup, including all the crustose Stereocaulon species, were incorporated in the analyses. Conventional, as well as direct optimization parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed. The results show that the crustose species do not form a monophyletic entity and that the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic feature within Stereocaulon. The crustose S. nivale and S. plicatile are nested within the genus and their inclusion in Stereocaulon is thereby confirmed. The nested position of S. plicatile indicates that the submuriform to muriform spore type has been gained independently within the genus. Here, S. plicatile is also reported for the first time from Scandinavia.
Genera/Families: Stereocaulon/Stereocaulaceae
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002428291300073X
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Keywords: CLADONIA FURCATA GROUP/ LICHENS/ MOLECULAR SYSTEMATIC/ PHYLOGENY/ TAXONOMY
Abstract: The lichen Cladonia corymbescens (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota) has been reported to have two main ranges, one in Melanesia and Australasia and another in the Himalayas and surrounding areas. When specimens from New Caledonia, Bhutan, and Thailand were subjected to molecular sequencing (ITS rDNA and RPB2), two distinct clades were detected. The clades were also supported by morphological and geographical differences supporting recognition of two distinct species. Cladonia corymbescens s. str. is present in the Philippines, Melanesia, and Australasia, while the South East Asian mainland material is referred to C. pseudofissa, a new combination at species level.
Notes: New: Cladonia pseudofissa (Asahina) Ahti, Pino-Bodas & S. Stenroos (≡ C. rangiformis var. pseudofissa Asahina; = C. erythrosperma var. thomsonii Vain., Cladonia rangiformis var. incurva Müll. Arg.).
URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2015/00000130/00000001/art00014
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Keywords: ascospores/ direct optimization/ lichens/ molecular phylogeny/ muriform/ submuriform/ Stereocaulon/ Stereocaulon nivale
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships of Stereocaulon with emphasis on the crustose taxa were studied based on nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and partial beta-tubulin sequences. The placement of four of the six crustose species currently included in the genus has previously been confirmed based on molecular data. It has, however, remained unresolved whether the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic or apomorphic feature within Stereocaulon, due to contradictory placements of the crustose species in earlier studies. The aim of this study was to clarify the position of the crustose species by including additional data, especially of S. nivale and S. plicatile, which have not been included in previous analyses. The inclusion of S. plicatile in the genus is of particular interest as it is the only species in the genus with submurifrom to muriform ascospores. Altogether 37 specimens representing 31 species of the ingroup, including all the crustose Stereocaulon species, were incorporated in the analyses. Conventional, as well as direct optimization parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were performed. The results show that the crustose species do not form a monophyletic entity and that the crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic feature within Stereocaulon. The crustose S. nivale and S. plicatile are nested within the genus and their inclusion in Stereocaulon is thereby confirmed. The nested position of S. plicatile indicates that the submuriform to muriform spore type has been gained independently within the genus. Here, S. plicatile is also reported for the first time from Scandinavia. © British Lichen Society 2014.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002428291300073X
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Keywords: homoplasy/ lichen/ molecular phylogeny/ phenotypic characters
Abstract: The Cladonia furcata complex treated here comprises C. farinacea, C. furcata, C. multiformis, C. scabriuscula, C. stereoclada, and C. subrangiformis. The well-known taxonomic complexity of this group is caused by wide phenotypic variation and high morphological similarity among the species, for which reason we investigated the distribution in the phylogeny of the phenotypic characters traditionally used to distinguish the species in this complex. A phylogenetic analysis of the C. furcata complex is presented here, based on three loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and RPB2), representing specimens from a broad geographical range (Europe, North America and New Zealand). The phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In addition, 14 features traditionally used for species delimitation within this complex were mapped onto the Bayesian phylogeny. All the species currently accepted, with the exception of C. stereoclada, turned out to be polyphyletic. Most of the phenotypic characters studied are highly homoplasious with the exception of the podetium type. The solid podetia represent a diagnostic character of C. stereoclada.
Genera/Families: Cladonia/Cladoniaceae
Notes: Molecular studies did not recover members of the group as monophyletic except for C. stereoclada.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282915000225
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Keywords: ß-tubulin/ Cladina/ Cladonia pseudostellata/ Cladonia uncialis subsp. biuncialis/ IGS rDNA/ infrageneric taxonomy/ ITS rDNA/ lichens
Abstract: The species from Cladonia section Unciales are characterized by the absence of squamules and soredia on the corticate podetia and the presence of usnic acid. Different subspecies, varieties and forms have been distinguished in the type species C. uncialis. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of Cladonia uncialis and members of the traditionally recognized section Unciales, along with additional potentially allied species, was constructed. DNA sequences from three gene loci, namely ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and ß-tubulin, were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Eleven species were analyzed for the first time using DNA sequence data. Cladonia uncialis subsp. uncialis and subsp. biuncialis were recognized as distinct taxa. The recognition of C. pseudostellata as a species was not supported by the analyses, but it represents a hypothamnolic acid chemotype, which is reported here as new to Europe (Scotland). The presence of subsp. biuncialis in North America (Newfoundland) was substantiated. The subsp. uncialis usually lacks squamatic acid, but in the eastern United States a morph referred to as subsp. uncialis does normally contain that acid. However, this morph did not attain taxonomic recognition based on phylogenetic analyses. All the other taxa formerly included in sect. Unciales turned out to belong to other groups of Cladonia, mainly Amaurocraeae, Borya, Divaricatae, and Perviae. The formerly recognized genus Cladina (reindeer lichens) is non-monophyletic, consisting of three groups within Cladonia, making the concept Cladina even nomenclaturally useless. Alternative topology tests rejected the monophyly of C. pseudostellata, section Unciales and Cladina.
Genera/Families: Cladonia/Cladoniaceae
Notes: Many taxa recovered as monophyletic, including Cladonia uncialis and Cladonia biuncialis. Cladonia pseudostellata not supported as distinct from C. uncialis.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282915000183
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Keywords: Australia/ Cladoniaceae/ new records/ new species
Abstract: The lichenicolous fungi Endococcus cladiae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, Lichenopeltella soiliae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas and Lichenosticta hoegnabbae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas are described as new to science from New Zealand growing on podetia of Cladia species. In addition to their host selection, Endococcus cladiae is distinguished by its ascospore size, (9·9–)11·5–14·1(–15·7) × (2·7–)3·1–3·9(–4·6) μm, Lichenopeltella soiliae by ascomata without ostiolar setae and production of 4-spored asci and 1-septate ascospore, occasionally with three pairs of setulae, and Lichenosticta hoegnabbae by comparatively long, bacilliform to fusiform conidia, (7·8–)9·1–10·9(–12·6) × (1·9–)2·1–2·3(–2·7) μm. Niesslia cladoniicola is reported for the first time from Australasia on C. aggregata in New Zealand. A key to the lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladia is provided.
Notes: New: Endococcus cladiae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (on Cladia retipora and C. sullivanii from New Zealand), Lichenopeltella soiliae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (on C. aggregata from Australia and New Zealand), Lichenosticta hoegnabbae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (on C. aggregata from New Zealand).
URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10018783&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S002428291500033X
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Abstract: In our ongoing study of the genus Cladonia, we have encountered several specimens that have proved to represent undescribed species. Four of them are described here as new. Cladonia camerunensis (Cameroon) resembles C. didyma (Fée) Vain., but the former has a coarsely granular surface and a melanotic podetial base; C. compressa (Bolivia) is distinguished by a dominant primary thallus and deeply divided and phyllopodiate podetia; C. longisquama (Seychelles) has well-developed squamules and contains barbatic acid; C. vescula (Bolivia, Peru) differs from C. peziziformis (With.) J. Laundon by an ecorticate podetial surface and the production of homosekikaic acid. The names C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. and C. crinita (Delise ex Pers.) Ahti are shown to be illegitimate later homonyms and are replaced by the names C. asperula and C. perfoliata, respectively. The neglected name C. botryoides (Tuck.) Vain. is shown to be a synonym of C. squamosa. Another overlooked name, C. crinita Bertol., is shown to be the earliest name for C. evansii, but we propose to retain the latter through conservation. The typification of C. beaumontii Tuck. is amended. Cladonia conspicua is reinstated on the basis of new data. New range extensions in Canada and the United States are given for the poorly documented species C. oricola.
Notes: New: Cladonia asperula Ahti & S. Stenroos nom. nov. pro. C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. non C. aspera (Flörke) Doign., C. camerunensis Ahti & Flakus (from Cameroon), C. compressa Ahti & Flakus (from Bolivia), C. longisquama Ahti (from Seychelles), C. vescula Ahti, Kukwa & Flakus (from Bolivia). Cladonia conspicua treated as distinct from C. rangiferina based on already published nrITS sequence data. Cladonia crinita Bertol. recognized as conspecific with C. evansii, the latter will be proposed for conservation. Cladonia perfoliata Flörke taken up for Cenomyce crinita Delise ex Pers. nom. illeg. Lectotypified: Cladonia squamosa f. botryoides Tuck.
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/additions-to-the-global-diversity-of-cladonia/A1FAA41E2F85F33C4774DFCA9EC306D5
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Abstract: Three species of the lichen genus Cladonia are described as new: Cladonia fragosa Ahti & Sohrabi (type from Prov. Jilin, China), C. sinoaltaica Ahti & Davydov (type from Xinjiang, China), and C. sumatrana Ahti (type from Sumatra, Indonesia). In addition, the recent records of C. awasthiana Ahti & Upreti from outside the Himalayas are referred to C. rei Schaer., and C. tixieri Abbayes (type from Vietnam) is reduced to synonymy of C. cartilaginea Müll. Arg.
Notes: New: Cladonia fragosa Ahti & Sohrabi (from China), C. sinoaltaica Ahti & Davydov (from China), C. sumatrana Ahti (from Indonesia).
URL: http://www.jjbotany.com/pdf/JJB_091_suppl_388_395_abstract.pdf
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Keywords: AMOVA/ Cladina/ haplotype network/ ITS rDNA/ monophyly/ mtSSU/ phylogeny
Abstract: Cladonia is one of the largest lichen-forming ascomycete genera. It was formerly divided into ten sections, three of which, Crustaceae (Cladina), Tenues, and Impexae, are called the reindeer lichens. While previous studies have elucidated the relationships between species and sections, they often examined only one or a few specimens of each species in the analysis. This study examined the monophyly of selected members of sections Crustaceae, Tenues, and Impexae and their relationships in the genus Cladonia using the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and the mitochondrial small subunit gene of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU). The phylogenetic tree contained four clades, two representing species in section Impexae, one representing species that belong to sections Crustaceae and Tenues, and one clade with C. arbuscula and related species. Five of 22 species, C. pycnoclada, C. stellaris, C. evansii, C. ciliata and C. subtenuis, showed monophyly in the phylogenetic tree; some of these 5 species have been shown previously to be monophyletic. The thallus branching pattern was interpreted as an important heritable character using the mtSSU network. Three duplets of paraphyletic species were further examined using ITS rDNA haplotype networks and AMOVA analysis. The results for the species duplets showed some mixing of haplotypes but the AMOVA analysis provided support for species separation within the duplets. While the evidence supports distinct species, further study is needed to conclusively show separate species in these duplets.
URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10299878&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0024282915000572
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Abstract: Species within the genus Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) are distributed mainly in boreal to north temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, but occur also in mountains of southeast Asia, Australasia and Africa. Here we use information on six gene regions – three nuclear protein-coding markers (Mcm7, GAPDH and Tsr1), two nuclear ribosomal markers (ITS and IGS), and a partial mitochondrial small subunit – to examine infrageneric classification and putative phylogeographic structuring of the genus. Our analyses support the monophyly of sections Americanae, Divaricatae, Implexae and Tortuosae, while section Bryoria is polyphyletic. Addition of gene regions generally resulted in improved support values for the nodes. Monotypic sections Americanae and Tortuosae are genetically distinct from the remaining taxa and appear as basal lineages in the genus. We discovered a clear phylogeographic pattern in some of the lineages. In section Implexae the species are divided into two subclades based on their geographic distribution: the first subclade appears to occur exclusively in North America while the second subclade is intercontinental. Section Bryoria is here provisionally divided into two sections, i.e., section Bryoria 1, which includes species restricted to southeast Asia and/or northwest North America, and section Bryoria 2, which contains mostly broadly distributed species.
URL: http://ial8.luomus.fi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/IAL8_abstracts3007.pdf
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Abstract: Two new species of Bryoria are described based on morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (ITS and Mcm7). Both species belong in section Bryoria, which was resolved as a polyphyletic group in the ITS+Mcm7 phylogeny. Bryoria alaskana belongs to a clade restricted to South-East Asia and north-west North America, and is so far known from south-east Alaska and the Sino-Himalayan Mountains. This highly variable species is most reliably recognized by its pendent, esorediate thallus, its production of fumarprotocetraric acid, and the combination of isotomic branching, abundant, whitish, predominantly fusiform pseudocyphellae, and sparse, short perpendicular side branches. Black emorient patches are lacking. Bryoria irwinii is endemic to north-west North America and is closely related to B. araucana from South America, B. poeltii from South-East Asia, as well as B. nadvornikiana and B. trichodes, both widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a subpendent, esorediate species recognized by its predominantly anisotomic branching, olivaceous hue, black emorient patches, conspicuous pale brownish, fusiform pseudocyphellae, and numerous perpendicular, more or less basally constricted, side branches.
Notes: New: Bryoria alaskana Myllys & Goward (from U.S.A.), Bryoria irwinii Goward & Myllys (from Canada).
URL: https://www-cambridge-org.nybg.idm.oclc.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/new-species-in-bryoria-parmeliaceae-lecanoromycetes-from-north-west-north-america/D68A20C3A4CA5F8A5D8C156BA94DB141
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Abstract: The complex Cladonia mediterranea belongs to the section Impexae and is formed by C. azorica, C. macaronesica and C. mediterranea. These species are basically distributed in the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Regions. In the present work the limits between the species of this complex are re-examined. To this end, the morphological characters were studied along with the secondary metabolites and the DNA sequences from three loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and rpb2). The morphological data were studied by principal component analysis (PCA), while the DNA sequences were analyzed using several approaches available to delimit species: genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, species tree (BEAST* and spedeSTEM) and cohesion species recognition. In addition, the genealogical sorting index was used in order to assess the monophyly of the species. The different procedures used in our study turned out to be highly congruent with respect to the limits they establish, but these limits are not the ones separating the prior species. Either the morphological analysis or the different approaches to species delimitation indicate that C. mediterranea is a different species from C. macaronesica, while C. azorica and C. macaronesica, which are reduced to synonyms of C. portentosa, constitute a separate lineage.
Notes: Cladonia macaronesica Ahti and C. azorica Ahti placed in synonymy with C. portentosa (Dufour) Coem.
URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/2016/00000037/00000001/art00001
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Abstract: As a result of a field trip organised by the Spanish Lichen Society in Serranía de Ronda, south Spain, a catalogue of 360 taxa is presented (336 lichens, 24 lichenicolous fungi). The list includes three new records for the Iberian Peninsula: Arthonia paretinaria, Micarea myriocarpa and Niesslia keissleri, 51new ones for the Autonomous Andalusian Community, and three and 81 new ones for the province of Cádiz and of Málaga, respectively. After these results, the total updated number of the province of Málaga rises to 556 lichens and lichenicolous fungi. The best represented lichen genus is Cladonia (18) with the most species, unlike Lecanora (15), Pertusaria (12), Physconia (12) and Collema (9). As regard habitat, most lichen species are mainly corticolous (55%), as opposed to saxicolous (24%), terricolous (14%) as the species growing on other lichens as lichenicolous fungi (7%). The percentages of lichen growth forms are mainly foliose (50%) and crustose (31%), while fruticose (7%), crustose squamulose (6%) and dimorphic (6%) are less represented. The lichen with a green photobiont (Chlorophyta 84%) predominates, while the cyanobacteria photobiont (15%) is less represented.
Countries/Continents: Spain/Europe
URL: http://eprints.ucm.es/46832/
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Abstract: As a result of a field trip organised by the Spanish Lichen Society in Serranía de Ronda, south Spain, a catalogue of 360 taxa is presented (336 lichens, 24 lichenicolous fungi). The list includes three new records for the Iberian Peninsula: Arthonia paretinaria, Micarea myriocarpa and Niesslia keissleri, 51new ones for the Autonomous Andalusian Community, and three and 81 new ones for the province of Cádiz and of Málaga, respectively. After these results, the total updated number of the province of Málaga rises to 556 lichens and lichenicolous fungi. The best represented lichen genus is Cladonia (18) with the most species, unlike Lecanora (15), Pertusaria (12), Physconia (12) and Collema (9). As regard habitat, most lichen species are mainly corticolous (55%), as opposed to saxicolous (24%), terricolous (14%) as the species growing on other lichens as lichenicolous fungi (7%). The percentages of lichen growth forms are mainly foliose (50%) and crustose (31%), while fruticose (7%), crustose squamulose (6%) and dimorphic (6%) are less represented. The lichen with a green photobiont (Chlorophyta 84%) predominates, while the cyanobacteria photobiont (15%) is less represented.
Countries/Continents: Spain/Europe
URL: https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/BOCM/article/view/56861
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Abstract: Pino-Bodas, R., Ahti, T. & Stenroos, S. 2017. Cladoniaceae of the Azores. — Herzogia 30: 445 — 462. Based on material collected from 40 localities on four islands of the Azores, three species of Cladonia are new to Macaronesia: C. conista, C. mauritiana and C. novochlorophaea and four are new to the Azores: C. bellidiflora, C. dimorpha, C. rei and Cladonia sp. In addition, several species are new to individual islands of the archipelago. Cladonia dactylota is new to continental Europe (SW France). Cladonia stereoclada, described from the Azores, is lectotypified. These data are complemented with annotations on species distribution and chemical variations. Uncertain specimens were sequenced to confirm the species identities.
Notes: Lectotypified: Cladonia stereoclada Abbayes.
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.13158/heia.30.2.2017.445
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Abstract: Heterocephalacria bachmannii is a lichenicolous fungus that takes as hosts numerous lichen species of the genus Cladonia. In the present study we analyze whether the geographical distance, the host species or the host secondary metabolites determine the genetic structure of this parasite. To address the question, populations mainly from the Southern Europe, Southern Finland and the Azores were sampled. The specimens were collected from 20 different host species representing ten chemotypes. Three loci, ITS rDNA, LSU rDNA and mtSSU, were sequenced. The genetic structure was assessed by AMOVA, redundance analyses and Bayesian clustering methods. The results indicated that the host species and the host secondary metabolites are the most influential factors over the genetic structure of this lichenicolous fungus. In addition, the genetic structure of H. bachmannii was compared with that of one of its hosts, Cladonia rangiformis. The population structure of parasite and host were discordant. The contents in phenolic compounds and fatty acids of C. rangiformis were quantified in order to test whether it had some influence on the genetic structure of the species. But no correlation was found with the genetic clusters of H. bachmannii.
URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189603
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Abstract: Though most of the lichenicolous fungi belong to the Ascomycetes, their phylogenetic placement based on molecular data is lacking for numerous species. In this study the phylogenetic placement of 19 species of lichenicolous fungi was determined using four loci (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA and mtSSU). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the studied lichenicolous fungi are widespread across the phylogeny of Lecanoromycetes. One species is placed in Acarosporales, Sarcogyne sphaerospora; five species in Dactylosporaceae, Dactylospora ahtii, D. deminuta, D. glaucoides, D. parasitica and Dactylospora sp.; four species belong to Lecanorales, Lichenosticta alcicorniaria, Epicladonia simplex, E. stenospora and Scutula epiblastematica. The genus Epicladonia is polyphyletic and the type E. sandstedei belongs to Leotiomycetes. Phaeopyxis punctum and Bachmanniomyces uncialicola form a well supported clade in the Ostropomycetidae. Epigloea soleiformis is related to Arthrorhaphis and Anzina. Four species are placed in Ostropales, Corticifraga peltigerae, Cryptodiscus epicladonia, C. galaninae and C. cladoniicola comb. nov. (= Lettauia cladoniicola). Three new species are described, Dactylospora ahtii, Cryptodiscus epicladonia and C. galaninae.
Notes: Cryptodiscus cladoniicola (D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.) Pino-Bodas, Zhurb. & S. Stenroos (≡ Lettauia cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.), Cryptodiscus epicladonia Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (from Canada (on Cladonia arbuscula), Russia (on C. amaurocraea, arbuscula, C. uncialis), and U.S.A. (on C. mitis), Cryptodiscus galaninae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (Canada (on Cladonia rangiferina, C. rappii, C. umbricola), Russia (on C. rangiferina, C. sp.) and U.S.A. (on C. gracilis), Dactylospora ahtii Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas (from Greenland (on Cladonia rangiferina), Iceland (on C. rangiferina, C. uncialis). Norway (on C. rangiferina), Russia (on C. arbuscula, C. mitis, C. rangiferina), U.S.A. (on C. arbuscula, C. gracilis subsp. vulnerata, C. portentosa subsp. pacifica, C. rangiferina)).
URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/pre-prints/content-nbc-persoonia-0410
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Keywords: Cladoniicolous fungi/ new taxa/ new records/ new host lichens/ taxonomy
Abstract: The paper documents 70 species of fungi found on species of the lichen genus Cladonia, 65 of which are obligately lichenicolous. One genus, Brackelia, and seven species, Biciliopsis cladoniae, Brackelia lunkei, Caeruleoconidia biazrovii, Neolamya ahtii, Niesslia keissleri, Sclerococcum crassitunicatum and S. epicladonia, are here described as new to science. The names Caeruleoconidia and C. ochrolechiae are validated. Ameroconium cladoniae is considered as a heterotypic synonym of Taeniolella beschiana. Merismatium cladoniicola most likely is a heterotypic synonym of M. decolorans. Taxonomic notes on critical specimens, including those of Abrothallus cf. pezizicola, Arthonia cf. lepidophila, Cladophialophora cf. cladoniae, Hainesia cf. bryonorae, Merismatium cf. nigritellum as well as of unidentified species of Acremonium, Dactylospora, Leptosphaeria, Lichenopeltella and Pronectria found on Cladonia are provided. Cercidospora cladoniicola, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Hainesia longicladoniae, Pezizella ucrainica, Plectocarpon cladoniae and Polycoccum laursenii are documented as new to Asia. Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Hainesia longicladoniae and Polycoccum microcarpum are new to North America. The following species are new to various countries: Argentina (Bachmanniomyces uncialicola and Niesslia cladoniicola), Finland (Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila and Roselliniella cladoniae), Japan (Lichenosticta alcicorniaria), Lithuania (Abrothallus cf. pezizicola), Mongolia (Arthonia digitatae, Didymocyrtis cladoniicola, Epicladonia stenospora s. lat., Lichenostigma alpinum s. lat., Phaeopyxis punctum, Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola and Taeniolella beschiana), New Zealand (Abrothallus cladoniae s. lat. and Epicladonia sandstedei), Norway (Arthonia digitatae), Kazakhstan (Sphaerellothecium cladoniae), Kyrgyzstan (Epicladonia sandstedei), Papua New Guinea (Opegrapha cladoniicola), Portugal (Epicladonia stenospora s. lat.), Russia (Abrothallus cladoniae s. lat., A. cf. pezizicola, Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Didymocyrtis foliaceiphila, Hainesia longicladoniae, Neoburgoa freyi, Pezizella ucrainica and Polycoccum laursenii), Spain (Lichenoconium aeruginosum), U.S.A. (Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Hainesia longicladoniae, Niesslia cladoniicola and Polycoccum microcarpum), Venezuela (Roselliniella cladoniae) and Vietnam (Pyrenidium actinellum s. lat.). Epicladonia sandstedei and E. stenospora s. lat. are new to Macaronesia. Heterocephalacria bachmannii is for the first time documented in the polar desert biome. Biazrovia stereocaulicola, Coniochaeta sp., Merismatium coccisporum and Pyrenidium actinellum s. lat. are newly reported to occur on Cladonia. A key to 138 species of fungi so far known to occur on Cladonia is provided.
Notes: New: Biciliopsis cladoniae Zhurb., Pino-Bodas & Diederich (on Cladonia ceratophylla from France), Brackelia Zhurb. (type B. lunkei), Brackelia lunkei Zhurb. (on Cladonia amaurocraea from Russia and Cladonia coccifera from U.S.A.), Caeruleoconidia Zhurb. & Diederich (type C. ochrolechiae), C. ochrolechiae Zhurb. & Diederich (on Ochrolechia pseudopallescens from Mexico), C. biazrovii Zhurb. (on Cladonia stellaris from Mongolia), Neolamya ahtii Zhurb. (on Cladonia gracilis and C. stellaris from Russia, and C. gracilis subsp. vulnerata from U.S.A.), Niesslia keissleri Zhurb. (from Canada (on Cladonia cf. phyllophora, C. sp., C. sulphurina, C. umbricola), Russia (on Cladonia amaurocraea, C. cariosa, C. coccifera, C. deformis, C. digitata, C. ecmocyna, C. furcata, C. gracilis, C.mitis, C. metacorallifera, C. phyllophora, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris, C. sp., C. sulphurina, C. uncialis) and U.S.A. (on C. cornuta, C. gracilis, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris, C. stygia, C. sulphurina), Sclerococcum crassitunicatum Zhurb., Diederich & U.Braun (on Cladonia cornuta and C. gracilis from U.S.A.), S. epicladonia Zhurb. (on Cladonia chlorophaea and C. coniocraea from Russia). Ameroconium cladoniae U.Braun & Zhurb. placed in synonymy with Taeniolella beschiana Diederich.
URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/biblio_details.php?irn=479914
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Abstract: Cladonia ignatii is described as a new species from eastern North America (type from SW Ontario, Canada). It is a segregate of C. ramulosa, but can be distinguished by soredioid-isidioid structures on ecorticate podetia and basal squamules. Its distinction is also supported by DNA sequences (ITS rDNA and rpb2). Records are known from Ontario, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
Notes: New: Cladonia ignatii Ahti, Pino-Bodas & J.W.McCarthy (from Canada and U.S.A.).
URL: https://bioone.org/journals/Herzogia/volume-31/issue-p1/heia.31.1.2018.630/Cladonia-ignatii-an-Overlooked-New-Lichen-in-Eastern-North-America/10.13158/heia.31.1.2018.630.full
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Abstract: The lichen species Cladonia angustiloba is characterized by a well-developed primary thallus and narrow squamules which show deep incisions, and the presence of usnic and fumarprotocetraric acids. Morphologically it is similar to C. foliacea and C. convoluta, from which it can be distiguished by the squamule size and morphology. Since similar characters were used to distinguish C. foliacea from C. convoluta which do not represent different lineages, it is necessary to examine the taxonomic status of C. angustiloba by means of DNA sequences. In this study, the species delimitation within the C. foliacea complex was studied by sequencing three loci, ITS rDNA, cox1 and RPB2. The data were analyzed by means of phylogenetic and species delimitation methods (GMYC, PTP, ABGD and BPP). Our results show that none of the three species is monophyletic. Most of the species delimitation methods did not support the current species as evolutionary lineages. Only some of the BPP analyses supported C. angustiloba as a species distinct from C. foliacea and C. convoluta. However, the hypothesis that considers the C. foliacea complex as constituted by a unique species obtained the best Bayes Factor value. Therefore, C. angustiloba and C. convoluta are synonymized with C. foliacea. A new, thoroughly checked synonymy with typifications of the whole C. foliacea complex is presented. An updated survey of the world distribution data is compiled.
Notes: Lectotypified: Lichen ambiguus Latourr. (= Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd.). Neotypified: Lichen convolutus Lam. (= C. foliacea).
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/taxonomy-of-cladonia-angustiloba-and-related-species/C44B5A21C1F3AF4CF68D75DD3067EBBB
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Abstract: Cladoniaceae is a family of lichenized fungi that belongs to the Lecanorales, Ascomycota. The family is distributed widely, although several genera are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. The circumscriptions of the genera and species in the family have traditionally been based on thallus morphology, the type of vegetative propagules and the secondary metabolites. However, numerous species are highly variable phenotypically, making their delimitation problematic. In the present study a new phylogeny of Cladoniaceae is constructed using five loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA, RPB2, RPB1, EF‐1a) from a worldwide sample of 643 specimens representing 304 species. Cladoniaceae was resolved as a monophyletic group. The circumscription of the genera and the relationships among them are discussed. Pycnothelia, Carassea and Metus are closely related, forming a sister clade to the larger genus Cladonia. Cladia in its recent wide sense turned out to be paraphyletic, including species that have been recognized in Thysanothecium and Notocladonia. Cladonia was resolved as monophyletic, with C. wainioi as the earliest diverging lineage. Eleven major clades were resolved in Cladonia. No synapomorphies were found for most of them. We propose the new genera Pulchrocladia and Rexia, as segregates of Cladia, five new combinations, and the resurrection of the genus Heterodea.
Notes: New: Pulchrocladia S. Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas, Lumbsch & Ahti (type P. retipora), P. corallaizon (Filson) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladia corallaizon Filson), P. ferdinandii (Müll. Arg.) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladonia ferdinandii Müll. Arg.), P. retipora (Labill.) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Baeomyces retiporus Labill.), Rexia S.Stenroos, Pino-Bodas & Ahti (type: R. sullivanii), R. sullivanii sullivanii (Müll. Arg.) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladonia sullivanii Müll. Arg.), R. fuliginosa (Filson) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladia fuliginosa Filson).
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cla.12363
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Abstract: A new generic name, Rexiella, is published to replace the recently published name Rexia S. Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas and Ahti, which turned out to be an illegitimate later homonym of the cyanobacterial genus Rexia D. A. Casamatta, S. R. Gomez and J. R. Johansen.
Notes: New: Rexiella S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (nom. nov. pro. Rexia S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti non Rexia D.A. Casamatta, S.R.Gomez & J.R.Johansen) (type: R. sullivanii), Rexiella sullivanii (Müll.Arg.) S.Stenroos, Pino Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladonia sullivanii Müll.Arg.), Rexiella fuliginosa (Filson) S.Stenroos, Pino‐Bodas & Ahti (≡ Cladia fuliginosa Filson).
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cla.12401
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Notes: Extensive treatment including keys, distribution maps and photographs.
URL: https://www.ucm.es/seliquen/file/burgaz-et-al_2020_mediterranean-cladoniaceae
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Abstract: A study of the Cladoniaceae has been carried out in Greece, based on collections from 223 different localities. Thirty four Cladonia species were found, seven of which are new records to Greece, Cladonia conista, C. corsicana, C. digitata, C. macrophyllodes, C. peziziformis, C. polycarpoides and C. subturgida. As a result of this study the total number of Greek Cladonia species rises to 43. The currently known distribution ranges in Greece as well as information about the chemical variability of most of the species are provided. A key to all the Cladonia taxa known from Greece is included.
Countries/Continents: Greece/Europe
URL: https://bioone.org/journals/herzogia/volume-33/issue-2/heia.33.2.2020.340/The-genus-Cladonia-from-Greece/10.13158/heia.33.2.2020.340.short
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Abstract: This study was focused on two species of lichen-forming fungi from Madagascan Region whose taxonomy has been controversial over the years, Cladonia mascarena Nyl. and Heterodea madagascarea Nyl. While some authors considered C. mascarena to belong to Cladonia, others place it in Pycnothelia Dufour. In this study three loci (ITS rDNA, rpb2 and ef1α) were used to determine the phylogenetic placement of C. mascarena. Our results show that it belongs to Pycnothelia and the combination Pycnothelia mascarena (Nyl.) Nyl. is substantiated. In addition, a key to the genus Pycnothelia is provided. The morphological study of new specimens of Gymnoderma coccocarpum Nyl. and H. madagascarea concluded that these taxa belong to a same species, confirming the extension of Gymnoderma Nyl. to Africa. The overlooked genus Baeoderma Vain. is regarded as a synonym of Gymnoderma, and its type species Baeoderma madagascareum (Nyl.) Vain. is referred to G. coccocarpum.
Countries/Continents: Madagascar/Africa
Notes: Cladonia mascarena Nyl. placed in Pycnothelia. Heterodea madagascarea Nyl. synonymized with G. coccocarpum Nyl. Baeoderma Vain. synonymized with Gymnoderma Nyl. Key to Pycnothelia provided.
URL: http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/mycologie/41/5
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Abstract: Cladonia subturgida is a Mediterranean species that has been overlooked. Apparently it was restricted to the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands. However, during the study of the genus Cladonia in the Mediterranean region, new populations from 44 localities were found in: south France, Sardinia, south Italian peninsula, Crete and continental Greece. Distribution models based on MaxEnt, GLM, GAM and MARS algorithms were used to estimate the potential distribution of C. subturgida. Sicily, Corsica and the north of Africa were regions with suitable climatic conditions for C. subturgida where it has not been reported yet. The climatic variables with greatest relative influence in the C. subturgida distribution were the Precipitation of Warmest Quarter and the Annual Precipitation. Additionally, the ITS rDNA region was used to study the genetic variation of this species across its distribution area. Eleven haplotypes were found, one of them widely distributed through its geographical range. AMOVA analyses indicated lack of geographical structure.
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13199-020-00688-7
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Abstract: Cladonia krogiana, previously known only from Norway and the Czech Republic, is reported here for North America from two localities near the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. It occurs there on open, rocky banks of clear, free-flowing rivers, habitats similar to those in which it has been found in Norway. We also document the occurrence of C. rangiformis in North America, based on collections from two localities on the southwest coast of Conception Bay, on the Avalon Peninsula of the island of Newfoundland, Canada. It is possibly an accidental, but naturalized, introduction in this area, where European settlement began in the early 1600s. A molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of one of the Newfoundland specimens. The IGS rDNA haplotype to which it belongs is the same as the most widely distributed haplotype of C. rangiformis in Europe and Macaronesia. Previous reports of C. rangiformis for continental North America are based on misidentifications. A 19th century collection reportedly made on the island of Bermuda, while correctly identified, is of uncertain provenance.
Countries/Continents: Canada/North America
URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/biblio_details.php?irn=483609
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Abstract: Cladonia gracilis subsp. gracilis and Cladonia uncialis subsp. biuncialis are newly recorded to Toledo province. Furthermore, the distribution of C. macilenta and C. diversa is extended in this province. The habitats and distribution of these species in the Iberian Peninsula are discussed.
Countries/Continents: Spain/Europe
URL: https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/BOCM/article/view/75353/4564456557197
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Countries/Continents: United Kingdom/Scotland/Wales/Ireland/Europe
Notes: Includes treatments, distribution maps and key to species.
URL: https://www.britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/www.britishlichensociety.org.uk/files/Cladoniaceae_0.pdf
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Abstract: The diversity of lichen photobionts is not fully known. We studied here the diversity of the photobionts associated with Cladonia, a sub-cosmopolitan genus ecologically important, whose photobionts belong to the green algae genus Asterochloris. The genetic diversity of Asterochloris was screened by using the ITS rDNA and actin type I regions in 223 specimens and 135 species of Cladonia collected all over the world. These data, added to those available in GenBank, were compiled in a dataset of altogether 545 Asterochloris sequences occurring in 172 species of Cladonia. A high diversity of Asterochloris associated with Cladonia was found. The commonest photobiont lineages associated with this genus are A. glomerata, A. italiana, and A. mediterranea. Analyses of partitioned variation were carried out in order to elucidate the relative influence on the photobiont genetic variation of the following factors: mycobiont identity, geographic distribution, climate, and mycobiont phylogeny. The mycobiont identity and climate were found to be the main drivers for the genetic variation of Asterochloris. The geographical distribution of the different Asterochloris lineages was described. Some lineages showed a clear dominance in one or several climatic regions. In addition, the specificity and the selectivity were studied for 18 species of Cladonia. Potentially specialist and generalist species of Cladonia were identified. A correlation was found between the sexual reproduction frequency of the host and the frequency of certain Asterochloris OTUs. Some Asterochloris lineages co-occur with higher frequency than randomly expected in the Cladonia species.
URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00248-020-01633-3
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Abstract: We tested the congruence in dispersal patterns of the two main symbionts of the lichen Cladonia stellaris using genotyping-by-sequencing data. Based on 122 samples from eastern Canada, we recovered more than 21000 loci from the photobiont of C. stellaris. We described the population structure and estimate genetic diversity of the photobiont and identified the factors that contribute to explain genetic variation in both lichen partners. We also determined the identity of the dominant photobiont associated to C. stellaris using two molecular markers. Our results showed that C. stellaris is associated with Asterochloris glomerata, A. irregularis, and A. pseudoirregularis. Congruence in the genetic structure of photobiont and mycobiont were confirmed, suggesting co-dispersal of thallus fragments of C. stellaris. Genetic diversity of each symbiont was the factor that explained most of the genetic variation of the other symbiont, whereas geographical location and bioclimatic region seemed to have small or null explanatory power.
Countries/Continents: Canada/North America
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101165
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Abstract: Based on our studies of lichen-forming fungi in Kala National Park, Northeastern Algeria, four species, C. cyathomorpha, C. dimorpha, C. monomorpha and C. subturgida, were new reported for Algeria. Descriptions and taxonomic notes are provided; and a key is presented for all the Cladonia species known from Algeria.
Countries/Continents: Algeria/Africa
URL: https://doi.org/10.5248/137.871
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Abstract: A study of the Cladoniaceae has been carried out in Bulgaria, based on new collections from 61 different localities. Thirty five species were found (34 Cladonia and 1 Pycnothelia species), seven of which are new records to Bulgaria, Cladonia asahinae, C. conista, C. cyathomorpha, C. diversa, C. magyarica, C. novochlorophaea and C. peziziformis. As a result of this study the total number of Bulgarian Cladoniaceae species rises to 55, belonging to two genera, Cladonia and Pycnothelia. Our study provided a more comprehensive distribution range and chemical variation for each species in Bulgaria. A new chemotype is described for C. rangiformis, containing atranorin, fumarprotocetraric, psoromic, rangiformic and norrangiformic acids. This one is rarer than the other chemotypes of the species. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and rpb2 were carried out to confirm the identity of C. magyarica in Bulgaria. Additionally, ITS rDNA of other species was also sequenced to confirm the identifications. A new key to all the Cladoniaceae taxa known from Bulgaria is included.
Countries/Continents: Bulgaria/Europe
URL: https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.35.2.2022.510
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Abstract: The Cladoniaceae contains eighteen genera (Stenroos et al. 2019), of which Cladonia is by far the largest and most complex. Only three genera occur in our region, Cladonia, Pilophorus and Pycnothelia. Morphological structures in Cladonia (especially) are highly varied. Most species occur on soil, or some on rotten wood, and may form dominant mats in boreal and austral ecosystems. The Stereocaulaceae has been shown as closely related to the Cladoniaceae, and the two families were merged by Kraichak et al. (2018) on the basis of likely dates of phylogenetic divergence. However, they are kept separate here, following Stenroos et al. (2019) and Lücking (2019), as both families are monophyletic and easily distinguishable on both morphological and molecular terms.
Countries/Continents: Great Britain/Scotland/Wales/Ireland/North Ireland/Europe
Notes: Treatment with keys, descriptions and maps.
URL: https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Cladoniaceae%20rev%201.pdf
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Abstract: This study explores the diversity of photobionts associated with the Mediterranean lichen-forming fungus Cladonia subturgida. For this purpose, we sequenced the whole ITS rDNA region by Sanger using a metabarcoding method for ITS2. A total of 41 specimens from Greece, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain were studied. Additionally, two specimens from Spain were used to generate four cultures. Our molecular studies showed that the genus Myrmecia is the main photobiont of C. subturgida throughout its geographic distribution. This result contrasts with previous studies, which indicated that the main photobiont for most Cladonia species is Asterochloris. The identity of Myrmecia was also confirmed by ultrastructural studies of photobionts within the lichen thalli and cultures. Photobiont cells showed a parietal chloroplast lacking a pyrenoid, which characterizes the species in this genus. Phylogenetic analyses indicate hidden diversity within this genus. The results of amplicon sequencing showed the presence of multiple ASVs in 58.3% of the specimens studied.
Countries/Continents: Europe
URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9121160
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Abstract: The Cladonia cervicornis group comprises lichen-forming fungi characterized by having scyphi with central proliferations. It includes c. 20 species globally. The taxonomy of this group is poorly resolved, with many species not thoroughly disentangled. The focus of this study is the European species in the C. cervicornis group. In order to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of these species, six loci were used: ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA, RPB1, RPB2, ef1α and cox1. Species delimitation methods (ASAP, PTP and GMYC) were used to infer the species boundaries based on four loci, ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA, cox1 and RPB2. A morphological analysis based on multivariate methods was performed to assess the importance of phenotypic differences among the lineages. The phylogenetic reconstructions placed the species of this group in the subclade Cladonia. Five lineages were recovered, corresponding to C. cervicornis, C. macrophyllodes, C. pulvinata, C. verticillata and a new lineage that we describe here, C. teuvoana. Our analyses revealed that Cladonia cineracea, C. stricta and C. trassii are polyphyletic.
Notes: New: Cladonia teuvoana Pino-Bodas, Burgaz & Aptroot (from Czech Republic, Great Britain, Denmark, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden).
URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282924000276
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Abstract: Lichen-inhabiting (lichenicolous) fungi comprise a considerable portion of the Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes), their placement and phylogenetic relationships within the order remain largely unknown due to a lack of available molecular data. This study focuses mainly on tropical lichenicolous hypocrealean fungi which were neglected for a long time. Increasing knowledge of this fungal group is crucial to better understanding the complex evolutionary histories and trophic strategies of the Hypocreales. Through an order-wide phylogeny based on multiple loci, we unveiled a novel lineage within the Hypocreales, composed exclusively of lichenicolous species from genera such as Ovicuculispora and Paranectria, along with Nectriopsis lichenophila and Nectria byssophila-like taxa. Beyond the strong phylogenetic support, the clade is also characterized by its distinct morphology. Here it is introduced as a new family Paranectriaceae characterized by yellow to orange sessile ascomata, featuring a distinct tomentum, and by pigment in ascomata walls that do not change colour in KOH solution. The delimitation of interspecific and generic boundaries within the novel family was based on molecular, morphological and ecological data. As a result, we established nine species and five genera, including two genera new to science (Rossmaniella and Sphaeronectria) and four new species (Rossmaniella coenogonii, R. cryptica, R. filispora, and R. tylophori). Additionally, we reinstated the genus Ciliomyces, with the type species Ciliomyces oropensis, from the synonyms of Paranectria. Our results also show that the genus Neobaryopsis is more closely related to the family Calcarisporiaceae than to the Cordycepitaceae, as originally described. A key to species determination within Paranectriaceae is provided. The present study suggests that neglected lichenicolous fungi are an important component that appears in Hypocreales several times during their evolution, and indicates that their considerable diversity can still be hidden.
Notes: New: Paranectriaceae Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (type: Paranectria Sacc)., Rossmaniella coenogonii Darmostuk, Kukwa & Flakus (on Coenogonium sp. from Bolivia), R. cryptica Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (on Hypotrachyna sp. & Leucodermia fertilis from Bolivia, on Thelotrema ‘chathroporina’ from New Zealand), R. filispora Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (on Flavopunctelia sp., Parmotrema reticulatum, Parmotrema sp., Peltigera didactyla, Phyllopsora sp., Punctelia sp. from Bolivia; Hypotrachyna revoluta from Spain), R. tylophori Darmostuk & Flakus (on Tylophoron protrudens from Bolivia), Sphaeronectria Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (type S. lichenophila), Sphaeronectria lichenophila (Speg.) Darmostuk, Etayo & Flakus (≡ Nectria lichenophila Speg.). Includes key to lichenicolous Paranectriaceae.
URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.02
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Abstract: The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has given rise to considerably diverse techniques. However, integrating data from these technologies to generate high-quality genomes remains challenging, particularly when starting from metagenomic data. To provide further insight into this process, the genome of the lichenized fungus Solorina crocea was sequenced using DNA extracted from the thallus, which contains the genome of the mycobiont, along with those of the photobionts (a green alga and a cyanobacterium), and other associated microorganisms. Three different strategies were assessed for the assembly of a de novo genome, employing data obtained from Illumina and PacBio HiFi technologies: (1) hybrid assembly based on metagenomic data; (2) assembly based on metagenomic long reads and scaffolded with filtered mycobiont long and short reads; (3) hybrid assembly based on filtered mycobiont short and long reads. Assemblies were compared according to contiguity and completeness criteria. Strategy 2 achieved the most continuous and complete genome, with a size of 55.5 Mb, an N50 of 148.5 kb, and 519 scaffolds. Genome annotation and functional prediction were performed, including identification of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Genome annotation predicted 6151 genes, revealing a high number of genes associated with transport, carbohydrate metabolism, and stress response.
URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080596
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Abstract: The lichen-forming fungi family Cladoniaceae has a great ecological relevance and forms the most important group of terricolous lichens. They make up a significant element of the vegetation of numerous biomes, such as boreal forests, the tundras, and the páramos of South America. Within Cladoniaceae, Cladonia is the most diverse genus, distributed in all continents. Here, we explore the role played by dispersal and ecological opportunity in the diversification and geographic expansion of Cladonia and allies within Cladoniaceae. We estimated lineage divergence times based on a robust multilocus phylogeny (five loci and 47% species diversity), using Bayesian relaxed clocks calibrated with secondary age estimates derived from a more inclusive fossil-calibrated analysis. Biogeographic events and ancestral ranges were estimated using the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) model implemented in a Bayesian framework in RevBayes. Our divergence time estimates suggest that the family Cladoniaceae originated in the Upper Cretaceous. Cladonia started diversifying around the Early Eocene, coincident with a global rise in world temperatures, though most major Cladonia lineages diverged during the Miocene. A biogeographical analysis of Cladonia lends support to the hypothesis of land dispersal between the Palearctic and Nearctic regions through the Bering land bridges in the Middle Miocene and Pliocene. Stepping-stone dispersal across the Wallace's line facilitated migration from Palearctic to Oceania during the Middle Miocene. Colonizations from South America to Africa and from Africa to Australasia in the Miocene likely took place via long-distance dispersal events. High relative extinction rates were estimated through Cladonia early diversification, between 50 and 30 Myr, with an increase in the diversification rate around 19 Myr, congruent with the Middle Miocene climatic optimum. The current distribution of Cladonia is likely the result of both long-distance, overwater dispersal events and land colonization through land bridges. Our results suggest that geological and paleoclimatic events played a major role in Cladonia diversification.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2025.101710
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Abstract: Micarea is a crustose cosmopolitan lichen genus that belongs to the euascomycete class Lecanoromycetes. Recent molecular phylogenies on the genus based on one to three loci have mostly focused on Micarea s.str., including the type species M. prasina, and suggested that Micarea s.l. is paraphyletic. The remainder of the genus remains more poorly studied, and infrageneric delimitations and the phylogenetic position of many taxa are still insufficiently known. The aim of this study is to generate, for the first time, a multilocus phylogeny for Micarea that includes all the main lineages in order to assess phylogenetic relationships in the genus. We specifically examine whether Micarea is monophyletic and whether a broader sampling and the addition of further gene regions can increase the resolution and support in the backbone, and result in a more resolved and better-supported phylogeny of Micarea as a whole. The phylogeny of Micarea was reconstructed using five loci (mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7, nuITS rDNA, RPB1, RPB2) from a worldwide sample of 314 Micarea specimens representing 102 species. 970 new sequences were produced for this study, including molecular data from 18 previously unsequenced species. In the combined analyses, Micarea s.l. is resolved as a monophyletic group if Fellhaneropsis and Szczawinskia are included, and consists of several strongly supported clades. Furthermore, Micareopsis is included in Micarea based on the separate phylogeny of the Mcm7 dataset. We discuss different alternatives to classify the clades and consider the mesogeneric approach as the currently most reasonable taxonomic solution, i.e., to treat the clade containing M. crassipes and relatives, the sister clade to the rest of Micarea, as a separate genus under the name Helocarpon, and to include the remaining clades in the genus Micarea. We reduce Szczawinskia to synonymy with Micarea but conclude that more data are needed to resolve the status of Fellhaneropsis and Micareopsis. Despite morphological and chemical variation, the infrageneric clades can often be characterized by a combination of several phenotypic characters, including thallus structure, ascospore and conidial morphology, and the occurrence of different pigments and secondary substances. Some of the characters are exclusive (such as the secondary substances methoxymicareic acid, prasinic acid, and micareic acid) or almost so (goniocyst thallus structure) for the core group of the genus, i.e., the M. prasina clade. Our study shows that the genus contains as yet undescribed diversity. Four lineages are described as new species: Micarea arthonioides, M. athromelaena, M. lignosorediata and M. regalis.
Notes: New: Helocarpon assimilatum (Nyl.) M.Svenss., Myllys & Kantel. (≡ Lecidea assimilata Nyl.), H. erraticum (Körb.) M.Svenss., Myllys & Kantel. (≡ Lecidea erratica Körb.), H. paratropum (Nyl.) M.Svenss., Myllys & Kantel. (≡ Lecidea paratropa Nyl.), Micarea arthonioides van den Boom, Aptroot, Kantel. & Myllys (from Brazil, Portugal & Sant Lucia), M. athromelaena Kantvilas, Myllys & Kantel. (from Australia), M. foliicola (Holien & Tønsberg) Myllys & Kantvilas (≡ Szczawinskia foliicola Holien & Tønsberg), M. leucopoda (Holien & Tønsberg) Myllys & Kantvilas (≡ S. leucopoda Holien & Tønsberg), M. lignosorediata van den Boom, Aptroot, Kantel. & Myllys (from Brazil & Saint Lucia), M. regalis Kantvilas & Myllys (from Australia), M. phylicae (Øvstedal) Myllys & Kantvilas (≡ S. phylicae Øvstedal), M. tsugae (A.Funk) Myllys & Kantvilas (≡ Szczawinskia tsugae A.Funk). L. crassipes Th.Fr. lectotypified (≡ H. crassipes), Lecidea moerensis H.Magn. lectotytpified (= H. paratropum). Szczawinskia A.Funk & Uluguria Vězda synonymized with Micarea.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.70087
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Current date: 2026.03.01.OK