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  • Diederich, P./ Lawrey, J.D./ Ertz, D. 2018: The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa. - The Bryologist 121(3): 340-425. [RLL List # 256 / Rec.# 40753]
    Abstract: Lichenicolous fungi represent a highly specialized and successful group of organisms that live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also as broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. We present here the most recent update to the classification of lichenicolous fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota to genus level, arranged phylogenetically according to published classifications. For each genus, all known lichenicolous taxa (obligately lichenicolous taxa, lichenicolous lichens, and facultatively lichenicolous taxa) are listed, along with information about types, synonyms, pertinent literature and whether or not molecular data are available for any of the listed species. The number of accepted lichenicolous fungi is now 2319, with 2000 obligately lichenicolous species, subspecies or varieties, 257 lichenicolous lichens and 62 facultatively lichenicolous taxa. These species are found in 10 different classes of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), 55 orders, 115 families and 397 genera. The 2319 total taxa is an increase from the 1559 total species reported in the last published catalogue in 2003, and a larger number than the approximately 1800 reported in the most recent online checklist (www.lichenicolous.net) posted in January 2018. Of the total number of taxa, 2219 (96%) are ascomycetes and 100 (4%) are basidiomycetes. Of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, c. 50% (198) are entirely lichenicolous. In addition, six families (Abrothallaceae, Adelococcaceae, Cyphobasidiaceae, Obryzaceae, Polycoccaceae, Sarcopyreniaceae) and two orders (Abrothallales, Cyphobasidiales) are entirely lichenicolous. Sequence information is available for lichenicolous species in 128 (32%) of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, and in 56 (28%) of the 198 entirely lichenicolous genera. Many species are known from only one host lichen, but it is likely that broader host ecologies will be discovered as new sequence information is obtained from ongoing microbiome studies. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel is considered as a new synonym of Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., resulting in five new combinations B. australis (Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. australis), B. carniolicus (Arnold) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Biatora carniolica), B. muscigenae (Alstrup & E.S.Hansen) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. muscigenae), B. punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Nesolechia punctum) and B. varius (Coppins, Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. varia). As a consequence of a phylogenetic analysis including new sequences, Dactylospora Körb. is regarded as a new synonym of Sclerococcum Fr. : Fr., resulting in one new name (S. acarosporicola Ertz & Diederich) and 46 new combinations. Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W.Gams is considered as a new synonym of Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner. The new Sclerococcum ophthalmizae Coppins is described. Sclerophyton occidentale Herre is lectotypified on the lichenicolous fungus present in the type specimen and becomes a younger synonym of Sclerococcum parasiticum. A replacement name is Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz (≡ A. ceracea). Further new combinations are Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich & Ertz (≡ Phoma lobariae), A. psoromatis (Zhurb. & U. Braun) Diederich & Zhurb. (≡ P. psoromatis), Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Cornutispora pyramidalis), Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (≡ Phoma grumantiana), Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Hainesia atrolazulina), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Fulgensia epiplacynthium), Nesolechia doerfeltii (Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis doerfeltii), N. falcispora (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. falcispora), N. oxyspora var. fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. oxyspora var. fusca), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Diederich (≡ Sporormiella peltigerae), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miądl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella curvispora), S. didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miądl.) Diederich (≡ L. didymospora), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Diederich (≡ Verrucaria haesitans), and S. parvum (Henssen) Diederich (≡ Pharcidia parvum).
    – doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340

    Notes: New: Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich & Ertz (≡ Phoma lobariae Diederich & Etayo), Abrothallus psoromatis (Zhurb. & U.Braun) Diederich & Zhurb. (≡ Phoma psoromatis Zhurb. & U.Braun), Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz nom. nov. pro Arthonia ceracea Etayo & Breuss non Fée, Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Cornutispora pyramidalis Etayo), Bachmanniomyces australis (Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Phaeopyxis australis Rambold & Triebel), Bachmanniomyces carniolicus (Arnold) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Biatora carniolica Arnold), Bachmanniomyces muscigenae (Alstrup & E.S.Hansen) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Phaeopyxis muscigenae Alstrup & E.S.Hansen), Bachmanniomyces punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Nesolechia punctum A.Massal.), Bachmanniomyces varius (Coppins, Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Phaeopyxis varia Coppins, Rambold & Triebel), Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (≡ Phoma grumantiana Zhurb. & Diederich), Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Hainesia atrolazulina Etayo), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Fulgensia epiplacynthium Etayo), Nesolechia doerfeltii (Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis doerfeltii Alstrup & P.Scholz), Nesolechia falcispora (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis falcispora Triebel & Rambold), Nesolechia oxyspora var. fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis oxyspora var. fusca Triebel & Rambold), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Diederich (≡ Sporormiella peltigerae Brackel), Sclerococcum acarosporicola Ertz & Diederich nom. nov. pro Karschia acarosporae H.Magn. non Sclerococcum acarosporae S.Y.Kondr., Sclerococcum aeruginosum (Holien & Ihlen) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora aeruginosa Holien & Ihlen), Sclerococcum ahtii (Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora ahtii Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas), Sclerococcum allantoideum (Alstrup & D.Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora allantoidea Alstrup & D.Hawksw.), Sclerococcum amygdalariae (Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora amygdalariae Triebel), Sclerococcum anziae (Zhurb., Ezhkin, Skirina & Y.Ohmura) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora anziae Zhurb., Ezhkin, Skirina & Y.Ohmura), Sclerococcum aspiciliicola (Alstrup & D.Hawksw.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora aspiciliicola Alstrup & D.Hawksw.), Sclerococcum athallinum (Müll.Arg.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia athallina Müll.Arg.), Sclerococcum attendendum (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea attendenda Nyl.), Sclerococcum australe (Triebel & Hertel) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora australis Triebel & Hertel), Sclerococcum boreale (Holien & Ihlen) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora borealis Holien & Ihlen), Sclerococcum cladoniicola (Alstrup & Olech) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora cladoniicola Alstrup & Olech), Sclerococcum crassum (Sarrión & Hafellner) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora crassa Sarrión & Hafellner), Sclerococcum davidii (Hafellner & H.Mayrhofer) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora davidii Hafellner & H.Mayrhofer), Sclerococcum deminutum (Th.Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea parasitica var. deminuta Th.Fr.), Sclerococcum dobrowolskii (Olech & Alstrup) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora dobrowolskii Olech & Alstrup), Sclerococcum frigidum (Hafellner) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora frigida Hafellner), Sclerococcum glaucomarioides (Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia glaucomarioides Tuck.), Sclerococcum hafellnerianum (Sérus.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora hafellneriana Sérus.), Sclerococcum haliotrephum (Kohlm. & E.Hohlm.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia haliotrepha Kohlm. & E.Kohlm.), Sclerococcum heterodermiae (Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora heterodermiae Etayo), Sclerococcum homoclinellum (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea homoclinella Nyl.), Sclerococcum inconspicuum (Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora inconspicua Etayo), Sclerococcum inquilinum (Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia inquilina Tuck.), Sclerococcum lobariellum (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea lobariella Nyl.), Sclerococcum mangrovei (E.B.G.Jones, Alias, Abdel-Wahab & S.Y.Hsieh) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora mangrovei E.B.G.Jones), Sclerococcum microsporum (Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora microspora Etayo), Sclerococcum ophthalmizae Coppins (from Scotland), Sclerococcum orygmaeum (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea orygmaea Nyl.), Sclerococcum parasitaster (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea parasitaster Nyl.), Sclerococcum parasiticum (Flörke) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea parasitica Flörke), Sclerococcum parellarium (Nyl.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Lecidea parellaria Nyl.), Sclerococcum pertusariicola (Tuck.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia pertusariicola Tuck.), Sclerococcum pleiospermum (Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora pleiosperma Triebel), Sclerococcum polysporum (Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora polyspora Triebel), Sclerococcum porphyreum (Hafellner & Kalb) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora porphyrea Hafellner & Kalb), Sclerococcum protothallinum (Anzi) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Abrothallus protothallinus Anzi), Sclerococcum purpurascens (Triebel) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora purpurascens Triebel), Sclerococcum pyrenaicum (Etayo) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora pyrenaica Etayo), Sclerococcum rhyparizae (Arnold) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora rhyparizae Arnold), Sclerococcum rimulicola (Müll.Arg.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia rimulicola Müll.Arg.), Sclerococcum rostrupii (Alstrup) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora rostrupii Alstrup), Sclerococcum saxatile (Schaer.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Calicium saxatile Schaer.), Sclerococcum saxatile var. laureri (Hafellner) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora saxatilis var. laureri Hafellner), Sclerococcum suburceolatum (Coppins & Fryday) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora suburceolata Coppins & Fryday), Sclerococcum tegularum (Arnold) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia tegularum Arnold), Sclerococcum urceolatum (Th.Fr.) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Buellia urceolata Th.Fr.), Sclerococcum vrijmoediae (K.L.Pang, S.Y.Guo, Alias, Hafellner & E.B.G.Jones) Ertz & Diederich (≡ Dactylospora vrijmoediae K.L.Pang, S.Y.Guo, Alias, Hafellner & E.B.G.Jones), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miądl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella curvispora D.Hawksw. & Miądl.), Scutula didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miądl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella didymospora D.Hawksw. & Miądl.), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Diederich (≡ Verrucaria haesitans Nyl.), Stigmidium parvum (Henssen) Diederich (≡ Pharcidia parva Henssen). Dactylospora Körb. placed in synonymy with Sclerococcum Fr., Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel placed in synonymy with Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., Phyllosticta uncialicola Zopf placed in synonymy with Bachmanniomyces punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas, Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W.Gams placed in synonymy with Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner, Sclerophyton occidentale Herre lectotypified and placed in synonymy with Sclerococcum parasiticum.
    URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340
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