Countries/Continents: Nepal/Asia
URL:
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Keywords: COCCOTREMA/ ECUADOR/ GALAPAGOS ISLANDS/ PERTUSARIA
Abstract: 2 fig. [New: Coccotrema colobinum (Tuck.) comb. nov.]
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URL: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pbj.2015.60.issue-2/pbj-2015-0030/pbj-2015-0030.xml?format=INT
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Keywords: EDUCATIONAL ATTRACTIVENESS/ ENDANGERED SPECIES/ GEOTOPES/ GEOTOURISM/ NATURA 2000/ NATURAL HABITATS/ UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK
Abstract: The Muskau Arch Geopark, situated on the Polish-German border, belongs to the UNESCO Global Geopark Network and is a model example that allows for the examination of the relationship between geo- and biodiversity as present in preservation, tourism, and management. In this area, there are 31 geotopes representing both natural geological processes as well as remnants of the cultural heritage associated with the region’s industrial history. The geodiversity of the area is well-documented, while data on its biodiversity are rudimentary. Attaining a supplement was the one of the aims of this study. In the Polish part of the geopark, besides objects of geological heritage, nine types of natural habitats were found, which contained 634 species of vascular plants; 220 fungi species; 76 lichens; 42 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals; and 146 species of birds. Spatial analysis revealed that 54.2 % and 53.8 % of the recognized valuable plant and animal sites, respectively, are located less than 1 km from the nearest geotope and nearly 100 % of these sites are located within 5 km of one. In the area of the Muskau Arch Geopark, geodiversity and biodiversity values are of equal importance, yet they are separated at the landscape scale. The majority of valuable geoheritage geotopes are the result of previous anthropogenic activities. However, contemporary areas of high natural value are parts of previously existing ecosystems of a natural or semi-natural character, coming from the period before the mining of mineral deposits by humans. A more integrated approach to conservation would benefit both the biodiversity and geodiversity of the Muskau Arch Geopark, would be of interest to tourists, and would increase the scientific and educational attractiveness of the region.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Poland
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12371-016-0178-z
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Abstract: A transcribed polyketide synthase (PKS) gene has been identified in the lichen Cladonia uncialis. The complete nucleotide sequence of this PKS was determined from the amplified cDNA, and an assignment of individual domains was accomplished by homology searching using AntiSMASH. A scan of the complete genome sequence of C. uncialis revealed the accessory genes associated with this PKS gene. A homology search has identified that several genes in this cluster are similar to genes responsible for the biosynthesis of terrein in Aspergillus terreus. This permitted assignment of putative function to each of the genes in this new C. uncialis cluster. It is proposed that this gene cluster is responsible for the biosynthesis of a halogenated iscoumarin. This is the first report linking a gene cluster to a halogenated metabolite in lichen.
URL: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00257
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Keywords: BIOSYNTHESIS/ CLADONIA UNCIALIS/ LICHEN FUNGI/ PHYLOGENETICS/ POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE/ SECONDARY METABOLITE
Abstract: To identify the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the polyketide usnic acid we carried out the de novo genome sequencing of the fungal partner of Cladonia uncialis. This was followed by comprehensive in silico annotation of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. The biosynthesis of usnic acid requires a non-reducing PKS possessing a carbon methylation (CMeT) domain, a terminal Claisen cyclase (CLC) domain, and an accompanying oxidative enzyme that dimerizes methylphloracetophenone to usnic acid. Of the 32 candidate PKS genes identified in the mycobiont genome, only one was identified as consistent with these biosynthetic requirements. This gene cluster contains two genes encoding a non-reducing PKS and a cytochrome p450, which have been respectively named methylphloracetophenone synthase (MPAS) and methylphloracetophenone oxidase (MPAO). Both mpas and mpao were demonstrated to be transcriptionally active by reverse transcriptase-PCR of the mRNA in a lichen sample that was observed by HPLC to produce usnic acid. Phylogenetic analysis of the bioinformatically identified ketosynthase (KS) and CLC domains of MPAS demonstrated that mpas grouped within a unique clade and that mpas could be used as a phylogenetic probe to identify other MPAS genes.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878614615001993
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Abstract: The first checklist of lichens in Latvia was published in 2001 (Piterns, 2001A). The second revised checklist was prepared taking into account recent changes, which have occurred in the lichen flora and includes all known new species for Latvia. The checklist includes species found in Latvia more than 100 years, but which have no recent records. Every year, new species for Latvia are recorded, and as a result the numbers of lichens reported in Latvia differ in publications of different years. Presently, the checklist includes 573 species, five subspecies, eight varieties and two forms. 34 lichen species, included in the Red Data List of Latvia, are marked with an asterix (*). The Latvian checklist will be useful for scientists, biologists, bachelor, master and doctoral students, and amateur naturalists with special interest in lichens. The first comprehensive list of hornworts (Anthocerotopsida), liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and mosses (Bryophyta) for Latvia was published in 2001 (boloa, 2001). From then on, 53 new taxa for Latvia were recorded. Therefore, this new updated list encompassing 565 species, 9 subspecies, 22 varieties and one form was prepared. Currently, the bryophyte flora in Latvia comprises 32% of the total number of bryophyte species in Europe (totally 1753 species are known in Europe (Söderström et al., 2002; Hill et al., 2006)).
Countries/Continents: Europe;Latvia
URL: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=e190bb99-764a-43d0-b3e8-d6e2773df6de%40sessionmgr120&hid=114&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsagr.LV2016000196&db=edsagr
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/38579#page/186/mode/1up
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/38579#page/174/mode/1up
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120136#page/9/mode/1up
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Keywords: LICHENS/ XEROTHERMIC GRASSLANDS/ THE DUNE HILL/ BIOTA CHANGES/ BIODIVERSITY/ NOTEć RIVER VALLEY
Abstract: A total of 37 lichen species were identified during the first lichenological research conducted in 2014 on the Folusz hill, including 28 taxa of epiphytes, 10 epixylic lichens and 4 common species of epigeic lichens. Historical sources contain only data on the occurrence of 13 taxa of epigeic lichens. In total, the list of lichens occurring in this area includes 48 species. No characteristic species of xerothermic grasslands were recorded at present or in the past.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Poland
URL: http://www.eq.umk.pl/images/articles/vol20/eq20_2014_39-44.pdf
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Keywords: HEATHLANDS/ AFFORESTATION/ EPIGEIC LICHENS/ PSAMMOPHILOUS GRASSLANDS
Abstract: The study deals with the occurrence of epigeic lichens on the study plots with a varying percentage of Calluna vulgaris (L.) in different forest development stages on the heathland Glinki near the southern boundary of Toruń. Five plots were established in the gradient of the increasing density of pine. A total of 17 lichen species were identified, typical of this type of habitats, mainly from the genus of Cladonia, including e.g.: Cladonia arbuscula, C. furcata, C. gracilis, C. uncialis as well as Cetraria aculeata, C. islandica, and also Stereocaulon condensatum and Trapeliopsis granulosa. Two species, i.e. Cladonia digitata and C. portentosa occurred only on the heath. The light availability and the trophic status of the substrate determine this kind of distribution of lichens
Countries/Continents: Europe/Poland
URL: http://www.eq.umk.pl/images/articles/vol21/eq21_2015_39-44.pdf
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Keywords: MILITARY AREA/ PSAMMOPHILOUS GRASSLANDS/ HEATHLAND/ LICHEN BIOTA/ THREAT/ PROTECTION
Abstract: The paper presents the first species list of lichens and lichenicolous fungi found and identified in the artillery training area located near the city of Toruń. Lichenological studies were conducted in that area in 1998–2001 and 2009. A total of 100 taxa were identified, including 4 species of lichenicolous fungi, with particular emphasis on epigeic lichens – mainly from the genus Cladonia and Cetraria associated with heaths and arenaceous grasslands. The identified lichens include some threatened and protected taxa, i.a. Bryoria subcana, Cetraria islandica, Physconia distorta, Peltigera canina, P. polydactylon, P. praetextata, Ramalina fraxinea, Stereocaulon condensatum.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Poland
URL: http://www.eq.umk.pl/images/articles/vol21/eq21_2015_45-53.pdf
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Abstract: Historic mining in the Eastern Alps has left us with a legacy of numerous spoil heaps hosting specific, metal tolerant vegetation. Such habitats are characterized by elevated concentrations of toxic elements but also by high irradiation, a poorly developed substrate or extreme pH of the soil. This study investigates the distribution of vascular plants, mosses and lichens on a copper spoil heap on the ore bearing Knappenberg formed by Prebichl Layers and Werfener Schist in Lower Austria. It serves as a model for discriminating between various ecological traits and their effects on vegetation. Five distinct clusters were distinguished: (1) The bare, metal rich Central Spoil Heap was only colonised by highly resistant specialists. (2) The Northern and (3) Southern Peripheries contained less copper; the contrasting vegetation was best explained by the different microclimate. (4) A forest over acidic bedrock hosted a vegetation overlapping with the periphery of the spoil heap. (5) A forest over calcareous bedrock was similar to the spoil heap with regard to pH and humus content but hosted a vegetation differing strongly to all other habitats. Among the multiple toxic elements at the spoil heap, only Cu seems to exert a crucial influence on the vegetation pattern. Besides metal concentrations, irradiation, humidity, humus, pH and grain size distribution are important for the establishment of a metal tolerant vegetation. The difference between the species poor Northern and the diverse Southern Periphery can be explained by the microclimate rather than by the substrate. All plant species penetrating from the forest into the periphery of the spoil heap originate from the acidic but not from the calcareous bedrock.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716308804
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Keywords: GREAT PLAINS/ FLORISTIC CHANGE/ LICHEN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE/ NORTHERN GLACIATED PLAINS ECOREGION
Abstract: A total of 154 lichens, four lichenicolous fungi, and one allied fungus were collected by the authors from 2004 to 2015 from Pipestone National Monument (PNM), in Pipestone County, on the Prairie Coteau of southwestern Minnesota. Twelve additional species collected by previous researchers, but not found by the authors, bring the total number of taxa known for PNM to 171. This represents a substantial increase over previous reports for PNM, likely due to increased intensity of field work, and also to the marked expansion of corticolous and anthropogenic substrates since the site was first surveyed in 1899. Reexamination of 116 vouchers deposited in MIN and the PNM herbarium led to the exclusion of 48 species previously reported from the site. Crustose lichens are the most common growth form, comprising 65% of the lichen diversity. Sioux Quartzite provided substrate for 43% of the lichen taxa collected. Saxicolous lichen communities were characterized by sampling four transects on cliff faces and low outcrops. An annotated checklist of the lichens of the site is provided, as well as a list of excluded taxa. We report 24 species (including 22 lichens and two lichenicolous fungi) new for Minnesota: Acarospora boulderensis, A. contigua, A. erythrophora, A. strigata, Agonimia opuntiella, Arthonia clemens, A. muscigena, Aspicilia americana, Bacidina delicata, Buellia tyrolensis, Caloplaca flavocitrina, C. lobulata, C. soralifera, Candelariella antennaria, Dermatocarpon arenosaxi, Diplotomma subdispersa, Endocarpon pallidulum, Enterographa osagensis, Pseudosagedia chlorotica, Psoroglaena dictyospora, Punctelia missouriensis, Verrucaria calkinsiana, V. furfuracea, and V. sphaerospora. In addition, we report Acarospora erythrophora new for Kansas and Oklahoma, Enterographa osagensis new for Nebraska and South Dakota, and Pseudosagedia chlorotica new for Oklahoma.
URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/biblio_detail.php?irn=478124
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Abstract: In order to evaluate the metal resistance or sensitivity of lichen species and improve the bioindication scales, we studied lichens collected in eight plottings in French and Swiss remote forest areas. A total of 92 corticolous species was sampled, grouped in 54 lichen genera and an alga. Various ecological variables were calculated to characterize the environmental quality – including lichen diversity, lichen abundance, and Shannon index –, as well as lichen communities. Average ecological features were estimated for each study site and each of the following variables – light, temperature, continentality, humidity, substrate pH, and eutrophication – and they corresponded to lichen communities. Based on lichen frequencies, we calculated the index of atmospheric purity (IAP) and lichen diversity value (LDV). These two bioindication indices were closely related to lichen diversity and lichen abundance, respectively, due to their calculation formula. It appeared that LDV, which measures lichen abundance, was a better indicator of metal pollution than IAP. Coupling lichen diversity and metal bioaccumulation in a canonical correspondence analysis, we evaluated the resistance/sensitivity to atmospheric metal pollution for the 43 most frequent lichen species. After validation by eliminating possible influences of acid and nitrogen pollutions, we proposed a new scale to distinguish sensitive species (such as Physconia distorta, Pertusaria coccodes, and Ramalina farinacea) from resistant species (such as Lecanactis subabietina, Pertusaria leioplaca, and Pertusaria albescens) to metal pollution, adapted to such forested environment.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16304678?np=y
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Countries/Continents: France/Europe
URL:
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Keywords: COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE/ HYMENOBACTER SP. PAMC26628/ NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR/ RADIATION-RESISTANCE/ BIOLOGY/ FUNGI/ GENETIC ENGINEERING/ IONIZING RADIATION/ NUCLEOTIDES/ RADIATION SHIELDING/ REPAIR/ COMPLETE GENOMES/ DNA DAMAGES/ HYMENOBACTER SP. PAMC26628/ NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR/ RADIATION RESISTANCE/ RADIATION RESISTANT/ GENES
Abstract: Ionizing radiation-resistant Hymenobacter sp. strain PAMC26628 was isolated from Stereocaulon sp., an Arctic lichen. Complete genome sequencing of Hymenobacter sp. PAMC26628 revealed one chromosome (5,277,381 bp), one plasmid (89,596 bp), and several genes involved in nucleotide excision repair, a DNA damage removal pathway. An analysis of the Hymenobacter sp. PAMC26628 genome will help us understand its evolution and provide novel insight into the adaptations that allow this organism to survive in the extreme cold of the Arctic.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165616300864
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Abstract: Details are given of errors and additions to the recently published checklist of lichens reported from South Africa (Fryday 2015). The overall number of taxa reported from South Africa is increased by one, to 1751.
Countries/Continents: Africa/South Africa
URL: http://www.abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/view/2065
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Abstract: In our ongoing study of the genus Cladonia, we have encountered several specimens that have proved to represent undescribed species. Four of them are described here as new. Cladonia camerunensis (Cameroon) resembles C. didyma (Fée) Vain., but the former has a coarsely granular surface and a melanotic podetial base; C. compressa (Bolivia) is distinguished by a dominant primary thallus and deeply divided and phyllopodiate podetia; C. longisquama (Seychelles) has well-developed squamules and contains barbatic acid; C. vescula (Bolivia, Peru) differs from C. peziziformis (With.) J. Laundon by an ecorticate podetial surface and the production of homosekikaic acid. The names C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. and C. crinita (Delise ex Pers.) Ahti are shown to be illegitimate later homonyms and are replaced by the names C. asperula and C. perfoliata, respectively. The neglected name C. botryoides (Tuck.) Vain. is shown to be a synonym of C. squamosa. Another overlooked name, C. crinita Bertol., is shown to be the earliest name for C. evansii, but we propose to retain the latter through conservation. The typification of C. beaumontii Tuck. is amended. Cladonia conspicua is reinstated on the basis of new data. New range extensions in Canada and the United States are given for the poorly documented species C. oricola.
Notes: New: Cladonia asperula Ahti & S. Stenroos nom. nov. pro. C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. non C. aspera (Flörke) Doign., C. camerunensis Ahti & Flakus (from Cameroon), C. compressa Ahti & Flakus (from Bolivia), C. longisquama Ahti (from Seychelles), C. vescula Ahti, Kukwa & Flakus (from Bolivia). Cladonia conspicua treated as distinct from C. rangiferina based on already published nrITS sequence data. Cladonia crinita Bertol. recognized as conspecific with C. evansii, the latter will be proposed for conservation. Cladonia perfoliata Flörke taken up for Cenomyce crinita Delise ex Pers. nom. illeg. Lectotypified: Cladonia squamosa f. botryoides Tuck.
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/additions-to-the-global-diversity-of-cladonia/A1FAA41E2F85F33C4774DFCA9EC306D5
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URL: http://www.lichenology.org/Publications/ILN/ILN49_1.pdf
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Keywords: URBAN ECOLOGY/ RESTORATION ECOLOGY/ RECOLONIZATION
Abstract: A checklist of the lichens discovered at Freshkills Park, Staten Island, after three days of surveying, is presented. In 1997 the Freshkills Municipal landfill was capped and the process to convert it to a park was begun. Seventeen species were found in the park, four of which are newly reported for the New York City metropolitan area. Comparison of our list to previous floras and checklists for New York City suggests that even the densely urbanized area of New York City likely hosts a surprisingly heterogeneous and diverse lichen flora.
URL: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/op/biblio_list.php?keywords=allen
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Keywords: SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELING/ RARE SPECIES/ MOUNTAIN TOP EXTINCTION/ SPRUCE-FIR/ SYMBIOSIS
Abstract: Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on lichens and fungi have focused largely on alpine and subalpine habitats, and have not investigated the potential impact on narrowly endemic species. Here, we estimate the impacts of climate change on high-elevation, endemic lichens in the southern Appalachians, a global diversity hotspot for many groups of organisms, including lichens. We conducted extensive field surveys in the high elevations of the region to accurately document the current distributions of eight narrowly endemic lichen species. Species distribution modeling was used to predict how much climatically suitable area will remain within, and north of, the current range of the target species under multiple climate change scenarios at two time points in the future. Our field work showed that target species ranged from extreme rarity to locally abundant. Models predicted over 93 % distributional loss for all species investigated and very little potentially suitable area north of their current distribution in the coming century. Our results indicate that climate change poses a significant threat to high-elevation lichens, and provide a case study in the application of current modeling techniques for rare, montane species.
Countries/Continents: North America/U.S.A.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-016-1071-4?wt_mc=internal.event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst
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Keywords: CONSERVATION/ COASTAL ECOSYSTEM/ SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELING/ SYMBIOSIS
Abstract: Preliminary, large-scale assessments of global sea-level rise (SLR) have predicted significant impacts to coastal and island biodiversity. Region-specific estimates of SLR impacts that incorporate accurate species distributions and local rates of SLR are now required for effective conservation planning. Here we use a dataset of > 13,000 occurrence records for lichens, obligate symbiotic fungi, in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of eastern North America to model distributions of 193 species. The resulting models were used to quantify the amount of each species' distribution that is occupied by unsuitable land use types, along with the potential area that will be lost to SLR. We show that species have likely already lost an average of 32% of their distributional area to development and agriculture, and are predicted to lose an average of 12.4 and 33.7% of their distributional area with one foot (~ 0.3 m) and six feet (~ 1.8 m) of SLR, respectively. Functional and taxonomic groups were compared to identify specific effects of SLR. We show that species reproducing with symbiotic propagules have significantly larger distributions than species that reproduce sexually with fungal spores alone, and that the sexually reproducing species are predicted to lose greater distributional area to SLR. Cladonia species occupy significantly less area in the MACP than Parmotrema species and are predicted to lose more of their distributions to SLR. We further examined patterns of total species diversity and found that the area with the highest diversity is the Dare Peninsula in North Carolina, which is also predicted to lose the most land area to SLR. The workflow established here is flexible and applicable to estimating SLR impacts worldwide and can provide essential insights for local conservation planning.
Countries/Continents: U.S.A./North America
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716303366
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Keywords: HOST FUNGUS/ LARVA/ LICHEN/ MORPHOLOGY/ PUPA
Abstract: We described immature stages of Nilio (Nilio) brunneus Thomson, 1860 and provide a supplementary description for adults, including new data on the anatomy of the female and male terminalia. We observed N. brunneus feeding on the lichen Parmotrema sp., and that immature and adult are gregarious, with sessile pupae and generations overlapping. In laboratory, eggs hatched in 14 days and adults emerged after seven days in the pupal stage, the adults survived only a few days.
Notes: The animal feeds on Parmotrema.
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702016000203003
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Abstract: High levels of cryptic diversity have been documented in lichenized fungi, especially in Parmeliaceae, and integrating various lines of evidence, including coalescent-based species delimitation approaches, help establish more robust species circumscriptions. In this study, we used an integrative taxonomic approach to delimit species in the lichen-forming fungal genus Punctelia (Parmeliaceae), with a particular focus on the cosmopolitan species P. rudecta. Nuclear, mitochondrial ribosomal DNA and protein-coding DNA sequences were analyzed in phylogenetic and coalescence-based frameworks. Additionally, morphological, ecological and geographical features of the sampled specimens were evaluated. Five major strongly supported monophyletic clades were recognized in the genus Punctelia, and each clade could be characterized by distinct patterns in medullary chemistry. Punctelia rudecta as currently circumscribed was shown to be polyphyletic. A variety of empirical species delimitation methods provide evidence for a minimum of four geographically isolated species within the nominal taxon Punctelia rudecta, including a newly described saxicolous species, P. guanchica, and three corticolous species. In order to facilitate reliable sample identification for biodiversity, conservation, and air quality bio-monitoring research, these three species have been epitypified, in addition to the description of a new species.
Notes: New: Punctelia guanchica Alors, A. Crespo & Divakar (from Spain), Punctelia ruderata (Vain.) Canêz & Marcelli ex. Alors, Lumbsch, Divakar, Leavitt & A. Crespo (≡ Parmelia ruderata Vain). Epitypified: Parmelia rudecta Ach., P. ruderata Vain.
URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146537
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Abstract: 37 species of lichens and 14 species of lichenicolous fungi are reported from the Syktyvkar area, of which Arthonia digitatae, Parmelia ernstiae, Pronectria leptalea and Tremella cladoniae are new to Russia, and 7 lichens and 12 lichenicolous fungi are new to the Komi Republic.
URL: http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Graphis/26_1-2/GS_26_40.pdf
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Abstract: Western North America is the global centre of diversity for Letharia, a distinctive and cryptically diverse genus of lichenized fungi belonging to the Parmeliaceae. The genus is characterized by a shrubby, fruticose habit and presence of vulpinic acid. Previous studies using multiple fungal nuclear loci revealed the existence of two distinct species-level lineages within the traditional concept of L. vulpina and four such lineages within L. columbiana. Here we use molecular sequence data in an attempt to settle long-standing taxonomic issues in the genus. Our results confirm the widespread existence within L. vulpina s. lat. of two distinct species-level groups, each forming a mutually exclusive partnership with a separate algal clade within Trebouxia jamesii s. lat. Accordingly, we formally describe the segregate species L. lupina sp. nov. Our results also support the evolutionary independence of four candidate species previously circumscribed from L. columbiana s. lat. One of these lineages, L. ‘gracilis’, has already received species recognition as L. gracilis, while a second, L. ‘lucida’, is epitypified here against L. columbiana s. str. Based on results from species delimitation analyses under the multispecies coalescent model, the two remaining lineages, L. ‘barbata’ and L. ‘rugosa’, also warrant formal taxonomic recognition; however, we refrain from describing these species pending additional studies of diagnostic characters, ecological preference, and distributions.
Notes: New: Letharia lupina Altermann, Leavitt & Goward (from Canada and U.S.A.). Epitypified: Borrera columbiana Nutt. (≡ Letharia columbiana (Nutt.) J.W. Thoms.).
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/tidying-up-the-genus-letharia-introducing-l-lupina-sp-nov-and-a-new-circumscription-for-l-columbiana/E99FBAC5B9EDBD0DE00CACF6BADAB169
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Keywords: AIITIGENOTOXIC/ ANTIMUTAGENIC/ RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) ACH./ USNEA ARTICULATA/ USNEA FILIPENDULA/ XANTHORIA PARIETINA (L.) TH. FR./ LONCHOCARPUS GLAUCIFOLIUS/ RAMALINA FARINACEA/ USNEA ARTICULATA/ USNEA FILIPENDULA/ XANTHORIA PARIETINA
Abstract: In this study, the geno-toxic and antigeno-toxic properties of the total extracts of four lichen species were investigated by using human lymphocytes. We obtained total extracts from R farinacea, X. parietina, U. articulataand U. filipendula lichen species. The results of our studies showed that 5 μM concentrations of AFB1 changed the frequencies of micronucleus (MN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. When 5,10 and 20 μg/ml concentrations of total extract were added to AFB1, the frequencies of MN and MDA levels were decreased, and SOD, GSH and GPx levels were increased. Consequently, our findings show that four lichen total extracts have strong antigenotoxic properties against aflatoxin Bi.
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Abstract: The protective role of lichens are getting more important. In this study, the antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activity of the methanol extracts of four lichen species (Anaptychia ciliaris, Bryoria fuscescens, Parmotrema chinensa and Xanthoria candelaria) were investigated. Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) test were used for determining the genotoxic contamination and the results showed that four lichen extracts inhibited the mutagenic effects of AFB1. Three different concentrations used and it was determined that the most effective concentration is 20 μg/mL againts the mutagenic effects of AFB1. In addition, the antioxidant effects of A. ciliaris, B. fuscescens, P. chinensa and X. candelaria were determined by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) against the oxidative stress of AFB1 in human lymphocytes in vitro. It was observed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes were decreased dramatically and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased after treatment with AFB1 but the antioxidant enzymes were increased and MDA levels decreased in case of applying the lichen methanol extracts. We also determined that our lichen samples have strong antioxidative and antigenotoxic character and their antigenotoxic quality may be relation to the mechanisms of strong antioxidative property.
URL: http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/antigenotoxic-and-antioxidant-activity-of-lichens-anaptychia-ciliarisbryoria-fuscescens-parmotrema-chinensa-and-xanthoria-candelar-2167-0412-1000233.php?aid=69032
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Keywords: BIODIVERSITY/ MARITIME/ OCEANIC/ STERILE CRUSTOSE LICHENS/ PUSTULES/ SORALIA
Abstract: Aspicilia bicensis is described as new to science from coastal rock outcrops in Parc national du Bic, Quebec in eastern Canada. Apothecia are unknown in the species, but it is nonetheless distinctive on account of its occurrence on maritime rocks, white areolate pustulose-sorediate thallus, and production of norstictic acid. The placement in Aspicilia is confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data.
Countries/Continents: Canada/North America
Notes: New: Aspicilia bicensis F.Anderson & Lendemer (from Canada).
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1639/0007-2745-119.1.008
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URL: http://northeast.conifersociety.org/newsletter/
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Abstract: There has been developed a mechanochemical technology of one-stage production of highly effective solid phase biocomplexes (without use of solvents) based on "the universal active filler" - lichenβ-oligosaccharides polymer matrix. It has been shown that lichens can be a source for production of the filler with apparent adsorption activity for solid dosage forms (SDF). It has been a statistically significant establishment that the bicomponent vegetative mechanocomplex based on the lichen β-oligosaccharides filler and a small amount of Rhodiola rosea has a broad spectrum of adaptogenic effects, it increases body's resistance of laboratory animals to physical loads and extreme factors of different nature
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Abstract: Mosses are an often-overlooked component of dryland ecosystems, yet they are common members of biological soil crust communities (biocrusts) and provide key ecosystem services, including soil stabilization, water retention, carbon fixation, and housing of N2 fixing cyanobacteria. Mosses are able to survive long dry periods, respond rapidly to precipitation, and reproduce vegetatively. With these qualities, dryland mosses have the potential to be an excellent dryland restoration material. Unfortunately, dryland mosses are often slow growing in nature, and ex situ cultivation methods are needed to enhance their utility. Our goal was to determine how to rapidly produce, vegetatively, Syntrichia caninervis and S. ruralis, common and abundant moss species in drylands of North America and elsewhere, in a greenhouse. We manipulated the length of hydration on a weekly schedule (5, 4, 3, or 2 days continuous hydration per week), crossed with fertilization (once at the beginning, monthly, biweekly, or not at all). Moss biomass increased sixfold for both species in 4 months, an increase that would require years under dryland field conditions. Both moss species preferred short hydration and monthly fertilizer. Remarkably, we also unintentionally cultured a variety of other important biocrust organisms, including cyanobacteria and lichens. In only 6 months, we produced functionally mature biocrusts, as evidenced by high productivity and ecosystem-relevant levels of N2 fixation. Our results suggest that biocrust mosses might be the ideal candidate for biocrust cultivation for restoration purposes. With optimization, these methods are the first step in developing a moss-based biocrust rehabilitation technology.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12311/abstract
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13859#page/14/mode/1up
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URL: http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/search?identifier=481027
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Abstract: Sinds 1958 prof.J.Barkman promoveerde op een onderzoek naar de epifytenflora wordt ook in Nederland het belang ingezien van het gebruik van deze organismen als bioindicatoren. De waargenomen achteruitgang sindsdien is duidelijk gekoppeld aan luchtverontreinigingsfactoren. Sinds enige jaren wordt dit type onderzoek voortgezet op provinciale schaal door o.m. in Overijssel, Utrecht en Z.-Holland. In N.-Holland is echter recent geen onderzoek meer uitgevoerd op dit gebied. Dit verhaal is een verslag van een studie op kleine schaal en beperkt zich tot een aantal relatief oude bomen aan de binnenduinrand van Heemskerk en Castricum.
URL: http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/record/481117
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Abstract: The spring field meeting 1987 went to the best part of the Netherlands for saxicolous lichens in a natural habitat, Zuid-Limburg and to adjacent Belgium. Opegrapha mougeotii and Thelidium dionantense were found for the first time in the Netherlands, and Protoblastenia cyclospora in Belgium. The lichen flora of the calcareous rock outcrops has been decreasing since 1982. In total 189 species were found.
URL: http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/record/481134
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Abstract: The lichen family Trypetheliaceae is restricted to the tropics. At the moment c. 150 species are described. They are unusual among the lichens in that they are not just superficially and harmlessly growing on bark of trees, but are actually interacting with the host bark and often causing galls. The family is generally thought to be most abundant and species-rich in savannah/Caatinga-vegetation. However, recent collections from expeditions in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil (especially Rondónia) suggest that they may be most speciose in rain forest, where they grow both on the branches and on the large trunks. Numerous undescribed species have recently been found in these countries. The purpose of the research was to find out the similarities and dissimilarities in species composition between the primary and secondary localities sampled extensively for Trypetheliaceae in Rondônia, and make a distinction between the species growing on tree trunks and branches in the primary forest. The primary forest is most speciose, as it contains the unique element on the trunks. Unexpected was that the species on the branches in rain-forest are partly unique, and not shared with the trunks in the same forest or nearby with secondary localities. A list of species that is restricted to primary forests can be used to assess the status of forest patches of which the history is disputed or unknown. As lichens are always present (not depending on weather or time of the year) this would be a test that can be performed every day and with a single field visit.
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Abstract: A checklist of 500 lichens known from Madagascar is published for the first time, including 131 new records. The following 22 species, mostly crustose lichens from rain forests, are here reported for the first time from the continent of Africa: Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Vězda, Amandinea efflorescens (Müll. Arg.) Marbach, Anisomeridium ambiguum (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris, Bacidina simplex var. cyanophila Lücking, Bogoriella miculiformis (Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking, B. minutula (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking, Catillaria ophthalmocarpa Vain., Coccotrema porinopsis (Nyl.) Imshaug ex Yoshim., Constrictolumina leucostoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking & al., Dibaeis arcuata (Stirt.) Kalb & Gierl, Graphis argentia Makhija & Adaw., G. consimilis Vain., Lecanora flavidorufa Hue, L. pangerangoensis Zahlbr., L. subflava Tuck., Megalotremis pustulata Aptroot, Mycoporum californicum (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris, Myeloconis erumpens P. M. McCarthy & Elix, Polychidium dendriscum (Nyl.) Henssen, Pyrenula hibernica (Nyl.) Aptroot, Thelotrema leucophthalmum Nyl. and Traponora fusca Aptroot. The following new species of thelotremoid Graphidaceae are described as new to science: Clandestinotrema minutum, with warted periphyses, granular, blackish epihymenium, and hyaline, 6–9-septate ascospores in one bundle in clavate asci; and Pseudoramonia psoromica, with stout isidia, thallus with psoromic acid, and submuriform ascospores.
Countries/Continents: Madagascar/Africa
Notes: New (both from Madagascar): Clandestinotrema minutum Aptroot and Pseudoramonia psoromica Aptroot.
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3372/wi.46.46304
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Keywords: CAATINGA/ CEARÁ/ LICHENS/ SAXICOLOUS/ TELOSCHISTALES
Abstract: Gneiss inselbergs in the Caatinga region of Ceará in equatorial Brazil are literally covered with a wide diversity of caloplacoid lichens. This includes two closely related new saxicolous species of Caloplaca, both with the aspect of a Lecanora of the subfusca-aggregate: C. lecanorocarpa has a grey areolate bullate thallus with atranorin on a black prothallus, grey thalline apothecium margin, sessile apothecia with glossy dark brown disc, and ascospores of 10–12×5·0–5·5 μm, with a 5·0–5·5 μm thick septum; and the similar, related C. lecapustulata which mainly differs by the rimose thallus with irregular mushroom-shaped pustules. The phylogenetic position of the two new species has been assessed to be within the Caloplacoideae. A key to all tropical lecanoroid Caloplaca species is provided.
Countries/Continents: Brazil/South America
Notes: New (both from Brazil): Caloplaca lecanorocarpa Aptroot & M. Cáceres, Caloplaca lecapustulata Aptroot & M. Cáceres.
URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10299884&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0024282916000049
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Keywords: AUSTRALASIA/ BIODIVERSITY/ CLADONIA MACILENTIFORMIS/ HERBARIUM SPECIMENS/ LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES
Abstract: 108 taxa of lichens (lichenized Ascomycetes), collected in connection with the French-Swiss expedition to New Caledonia in 1950 and 1951 by M. G. Baumann-Bodenheim, A. Guillaumin and H. Hürlimann are presented. Six of the 88 species identified in the c. 200 studied samples are endemic and 40 species are new records for New Caledonia. Cladonia macilentiformis is a new combination and raised to species level.
Notes: New: Cladonia macilentiformis (Harm.) Aptroot & V. John (≡ Cladonia didyma f. macilentiformis Harm.).
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.307
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Abstract: Al enkele jaren is bekend dat zich op de drooggevallen zandplaten van het Lauwerszeegebied, op de grens van Groningen en Friesland, een rijke lichenenvegetatie heeft gevestigd. Vanaf de drooglegging in 1969 nam de vegetatie bezit van dit voormalig stuk Waddenzee, maar het duurde lang voordat de hogere zandplaten enigzins begroeid raakten. Misschien dat daardoor de mossen en lichenen relatief veel kans hadden zich op deze platen te vestigen. In eerste instantie betrof het voornamelijk mossen (Joenje & During 1977), maar vanaf ong. 1980 vestigde zich een groot aantal lichenen in het Lauwerszeegebied. De gegevens zijn verzameld op acht excursies van één van ons of van ons samen. Materiaal van de meeste soorten is bewaard in het herbarium van de eerste auteur. Enkele determinaties werd gecontroleerd door H.Sipman, waarvoor hartelijk dank.
URL: http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/record/481069
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Abstract: Three corticolous cetrarioid lichens found on a wooden sluice Vulpicida pinastri, Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla, Platismatia glauca, Parmeliopsis ambigua, and Usnea esperantiana were found on a small wooden sluice in a raised bog area that is otherwise more or less devoid of epiphytic lichens. The sluice was built c. 20 years ago to retain a higher water level in the raised bog. These acidophytes have sharply declined in the Netherlands, and for Vulpicida pinastri and Usnea esperantiana this sluice is just about the only known existing locality in the country. The decline has been attributed to the increased ammonia air pollution. Their occurrence shows that such an extensive area of raised bog catches all ammonia from the air, so that the central area of the bog has no significant ammonia pollution. Diaspores of these rare acidophytic species appear to be able to find localities that are still suitable for them. Because source populations all but disappeared from the Netherlands, the diaspores of the rarest species are likely to originate from abroad.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Netherlands
URL: http://www.blwg.nl/mossen/buxbaumiella/buxindex.aspx?nr=209
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Abstract: Five new species, Pertusaria dayi, P. glabra, P. heinari, P. montoensis, P. stenospora and a new combination, Pertusaria aphelospora, are reported from Australia. In addition, Pertusaria phulhuangensis described from Thailand, P. karkarensis, described from Papua New Guinea, and P. virensica, described from Florida, are reported from Australia for the first time.
Countries/Continents: Australia/Australasia
Notes: New (all from Australia): Pertusaria aphelospora (A.W.Archer) A.W.Archer & Elix (≡ P. wilsonii var. aphelospora A.W.Archer), P. dayi A.W.Archer & Elix, P. glabra A.W.Archer & Elix, P. heinarii A.W.Archer & Elix, P. montoensis A.W.Archer & Elix, P. stenospora A.W.Archer & Elix.
URL: http://openjournals.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/TEL/article/view/10939
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Countries/Continents: Australia
Notes: Treatment of the genus in Australia including key, descriptions and color photographs.
URL:
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Abstract: Cryptic microbial communities develop within rocky substrates in Antarctica’s McMurdo Dry Valleys as a stress avoidance strategy. They may be cryptoendolithic within pore spaces of weathered rocks, or develop in cracks and fissures as chasmoendolithic communities and are characterised by coloured bands of colonisation. Here we used a precision drill to recover fractions from black, white, green and red layers within colonised granite and sandstone. We combined backscattered scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to identify major taxa in each band. We confirmed the presence of algal and fungal lichen symbionts, cyanobacteria and free-living algae, plus a diverse heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal component. A clear delineation at the community level was observed. The relatively biodiverse and heterogenous lichen communities occurred in weathered sandstone cliffs, whilst in granite and sandstone boulders, cyanobacterial communities were dominant. Differences between coloured bands of colonisation within each community were less clear. The study demonstrates that endolithic microbial communities can be recovered using a drill technology similar to that planned for the search for endolithic biosignatures on Mars.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-016-2024-9
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Keywords: BIODIVERSITY/ COMMUNITY STRUCTURE/ ENDANGERED SPECIES/ ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS/ FOREST/ HABITAT/ HUMAN/ LANDSCAPE/ LICHEN (ORGANISM)/ NATIONAL PARK/ NATURAL RESOURCE/ ROMANIA/ SOIL/ SPECIES COMPOSITION/ SPECIES RICHNESS/ SPRUCE/ VEGETATION
Abstract: Lichens are valuable bio-indicators for evaluating the consequences of human activities that are increasingly changing the earth's ecosystems. Since a major objective of national parks is the preservation of biodiversity, our aim is to analyse how natural resource management, the availability of lichen substrates and environmental parameters influence lichen diversity in Rodnei Mountains National Park situated in the Eastern Carpathians. Three main types of managed vegetation were investigated: the transhumance systems in alpine meadows, timber exploitation in mixed and pure spruce forests, and the corresponding conserved sites. The data were sampled following a replicated design. For the analysis, we considered not only all lichen species, but also species groups from different substrates such as soil, trees and deadwood. The lichen diversity was described according to species richness, red-list status and substrate-specialist species richness. The variation in species composition was related to the environmental variables. Habitat management was found to negatively influence species richness and alter the lichen community composition, particularly for threatened and substrate-specialist species. It reduced the mean level of threatened species richness by 59%, when all lichen species were considered, and by 81%, when only epiphytic lichens were considered. Management-induced disturbance significantly decreased lichen species richness in forest landscapes with long stand continuity. The diversity patterns of the lichens indicate a loss of species richness and change in species composition in areas where natural resources are still exploited inside the borders of the national park. It is thus imperative for protected areas, in particular old-growth forests and alpine meadows, to receive more protection than they have received in the past to ensure populations of the characteristic species remain viable in the future.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Romania
URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145808
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Keywords: GROWTH RINGS/ HOLOCENE GLACIAL EVENTS/ LICHEN GROWTH/ LICHEN GROWTH RATE-SIZE CURVE/ LICHENOMETRY/ RHIZOCARPON
Abstract: Lichenometry is one of the most widely used methods of dating the surface age of substrata including rock surfaces, boulders, walls, and archaeological remains and has been particularly important in dating late Holocene glacial events. Yellow-green species of the crustose genus Rhizocarpon have been the most useful lichens in lichenometry because of their low growth rates and longevity. This review describes: (1) the biology of the genus Rhizocarpon, (2) growth rates and longevity, (3) environmental growth effects, (4) methods of estimating lichen age, (5) the methodology of lichenometry, (6) applications to dating glacial events, and (7) future research. Lichenometry depends on many assumptions, most critically that if the lag time before colonisation of a substratum is known and lichen age can be estimated, then a minimum surface age date can be obtained by measuring the size of the largest Rhizocarpon thallus. Lichen age can be estimated by calibrating thallus size against surfaces of known age ('indirect lichenometry'), by constructing a growth rate-size curve from direct measurement of growth ('direct lichenometry'), using radio-carbon (RC) dating, or from lichen 'growth rings'. Future research should include a more rigorous investigation of the assumptions of lichenometry, especially whether the largest thallus present at a site is a good indicator of substratum age, and further studies on the establishment, development, growth, senescence, and mortality of Rhizocarpon lichens.
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Keywords: BIODIVERSITY/ BIOINDICATORS/ FOREST MANAGEMENT/ LICHEN/ OLD GROWTH
Abstract: The distributional ecology of 87 macrolichens is reported from 14 unmanaged mid-seral and old forest stands along a precipitation gradient in south-central British Columbia. We used a combination of univariate and multivariate statistics to investigate the role of forest structure and stand age in the distribution of epiphytic macrolichens in interior cedar-hemlock forests. Old forests support a higher number of species; although mean species richness is not significantly different between the two age classes. Terricolous and epixylic community structure is correlated with stand age and log characteristics, but the epiphtytic community is not. Epiphytic community structure is strongly associated with precipitation in the old stands, but not in the mid-seral stands. Old forests at the wetter end of the precipitation gradient contained several old-growth associated species, all of which are hygrophytic. Most epiphytic macrolichens associated with old forests are not dependent on specific structural attributes. However, western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) harbors the greatest number of arboreal macrolichen species by far in these unmanaged stands and should, therefore, be considered a key indicator in managed forests. Our study suggests that most macrolichen species found in old forests can also occur in 70- to 165-year-old forests dating from stand-replacing fires. Old forests, however, clearly provide important habitat for oceanic epiphytes at the edge of their ecological range in the interior of British Columbia. Our findings illustrate that the macrolichen flora in wet toe-slope stands in humid inland British Columbia has a high level of resilience following disturbance under natural succession conditions. It also underlines the point that some species, like Lobaria pulmonaria, are good indicators of old-growth forests in certain regions but not in others, suggesting a careful use of the term old-growth dependence.
Countries/Continents: Canada/North America
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16301856
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Abstract: Placidiopsis custnani (A. Massal.) Körb., last recorded from the Nordic countries almost 160 years ago, is reported from the island of Gotland as new to Sweden. Its taxonomy and ecology are described from the new locality, and a key is provided for the former members of the genus Catapyrenium growing on soil, mosses or bark in the Nordic countries.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Sweden
URL: http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Graphis/26_1-2/GS_26_42.pdf
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Abstract: Flavoplaca havaasii, previously known only from its type locality in southern Norway, is reported here from a second locality in Nordland, northern Norway. Xanthocarpia marmorata, reported from three localities in Sweden, is new to Scandinavia and Athallia saxifragarum, previously unknown from Fennoscandia, is reported from both Norway and Finland.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Sweden/Norway/Finland
URL: http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Graphis/26_1-2/GS_26_46.pdf
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Abstract: Lichens are commonly recognized as a symbiotic association of a fungus and a chlorophyll containing partner, either green algae or cyanobacteria, or both. The fungus provides a suitable habitat for the partner, which provides photosynthetically fixed carbon as energy source for the system. The evolutionary result of the self-sustaining partnership is a unique joint structure, the lichen thallus, which is indispensable for fungal sexual reproduction. The classical view of a dual symbiosis has been challenged by recent microbiome research, which revealed host-specific bacterial microbiomes. The recent results about bacterial associations with lichens symbioses corroborate their notion as a multi-species symbiosis. Multi-omics approaches have provided evidence for functional contribution by the bacterial microbiome to the entire lichen meta-organism while various abiotic and biotic factors can additionally influence the bacterial community structure. Results of current research also suggest that neighboring ecological niches influence the composition of the lichen bacterial microbiome. Specificity and functions are here reviewed based on these recent findings, converging to a holistic view of bacterial roles in lichens. Finally we propose that the lichen thallus has also evolved to function as a smart harvester of bacterial symbionts. We suggest that lichens represent an ideal model to study multi-species symbiosis, using the recently available omics tools and other cutting edge methods.
URL: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00180/full
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Abstract: Lichens are hosts for a variety of lichenicolous fungi. By investigating two lichens with specialized parasites, we will test the hypothesis that these parasites reduce lichen fitness by increasing the palatability of their respective hosts. The palatability of Lobarina scrobiculata and Lobaria pulmonaria with or without galls of the lichenicolous fungi, Plectocarpon scrobiculatae and P. lichenum, respectively, were quantified in a feeding-preference experiment with grazing snails (Cepaea hortensis). We repeated the experiment for pairs with or without gall in which the carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSCs) had been reduced nondestructively by acetone rinsing. Lichens with galls had lower concentration of CBSCs than those without, but this contrast disappeared after acetone rinsing. In the lichen high in nitrogen (N) (the cyanolichen L. scrobiculata), the grazing was low, and the snails did not discriminate between specimens with and without Plectocarpon-galls. In L. pulmonaria low in N (green algae as main photobiont), the parasite reduced the lichen C : N ratio and the snails strongly preferred specimens with Plectocarpon-galls, regardless of whether CBSC concentration had been reduced or not. In conclusion, some lichen parasites can indirectly reduce lichen fitness by increasing its palatability and thus the grazing pressure from snails, whereas other parasites do not affect grazing preferences.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13975/abstract;jsessionid=2498F6DF5B03D881A3A389D7ED741456.f01t04
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Abstract: Lichens occur in most terrestrial ecosystems; they are often present as minor contributors, but in some forests, drylands and tundras they can make up most of the ground layer biomass. As such, lichens dominate approximately 8% of the Earth's land surface. Despite their potential importance in driving ecosystem biogeochemistry, the influence of lichens on community processes and ecosystem functioning have attracted relatively little attention. Here, we review the role of lichens in terrestrial ecosystems and draw attention to the important, but often overlooked role of lichens as determinants of ecological processes. We start by assessing characteristics that vary among lichens and that may be important in determining their ecological role; these include their growth form, the types of photobionts that they contain, their key functional traits, their water-holding capacity, their colour, and the levels of secondary compounds in their thalli. We then assess how these differences among lichens influence their impacts on ecosystem and community processes. As such, we consider the consequences of these differences for determining the impacts of lichens on ecosystem nutrient inputs and fluxes, on the loss of mass and nutrients during lichen thallus decomposition, and on the role of lichenivorous invertebrates in moderating decomposition. We then consider how differences among lichens impact on their interactions with consumer organisms that utilize lichen thalli, and that range in size from microfauna (for which the primary role of lichens is habitat provision) to large mammals (for which lichens are primarily a food source). We then address how differences among lichens impact on plants, through for example increasing nutrient inputs and availability during primary succession, and serving as a filter for plant seedling establishment. Finally we identify areas in need of further work for better understanding the role of lichens in terrestrial ecosystems. These include understanding how the high intraspecific trait variation that characterizes many lichens impacts on community assembly processes and ecosystem functioning, how multiple species mixtures of lichens affect the key community- and ecosystem-level processes that they drive, the extent to which lichens in early succession influence vascular plant succession and ecosystem development in the longer term, and how global change drivers may impact on ecosystem functioning through altering the functional composition of lichen communities.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12305/abstract
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Keywords: AMOVA/ CLADINA/ HAPLOTYPE NETWORK/ ITS RDNA/ MONOPHYLY/ MTSSU/ PHYLOGENY
Abstract: Cladonia is one of the largest lichen-forming ascomycete genera. It was formerly divided into ten sections, three of which, Crustaceae (Cladina), Tenues, and Impexae, are called the reindeer lichens. While previous studies have elucidated the relationships between species and sections, they often examined only one or a few specimens of each species in the analysis. This study examined the monophyly of selected members of sections Crustaceae, Tenues, and Impexae and their relationships in the genus Cladonia using the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) and the mitochondrial small subunit gene of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU). The phylogenetic tree contained four clades, two representing species in section Impexae, one representing species that belong to sections Crustaceae and Tenues, and one clade with C. arbuscula and related species. Five of 22 species, C. pycnoclada, C. stellaris, C. evansii, C. ciliata and C. subtenuis, showed monophyly in the phylogenetic tree; some of these 5 species have been shown previously to be monophyletic. The thallus branching pattern was interpreted as an important heritable character using the mtSSU network. Three duplets of paraphyletic species were further examined using ITS rDNA haplotype networks and AMOVA analysis. The results for the species duplets showed some mixing of haplotypes but the AMOVA analysis provided support for species separation within the duplets. While the evidence supports distinct species, further study is needed to conclusively show separate species in these duplets.
URL: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=10299878&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0024282915000572
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Keywords: AIR POLLUTION/ ALTERNATIVE FUELS/ CEMENT PLANTS/ CEMENTS/ INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS/ POLLUTION/ BEST MATCH/ BIOMONITORS/ CEMENT MANUFACTURING/ DEPOSITION MODELS/ MULTIPLE SOURCE/ NATURAL PARK/ PREVAILING WINDS/ SPATIAL IMPACTS/ FUNGI
Abstract: In an area with multiple sources of air pollution, it is difficult to evaluate the spatial impact of a minor source. Here, we describe the use of lichens to track minor sources of air pollution. The method was tested by transplanting lichens from a background area to the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant that uses alternative fuel and is located in a Natural Park in an area surrounded by other important sources of pollution. After 7 months of exposure, the lichens were collected and analyzed for 17 PCDD/F congeners. The PCDD/F profiles of the exposed lichens were dominated by TCDF (50%) and OCDD (38%), which matched the profile of the emissions from the cement plant. The similarity in the profiles was greatest for lichens located northeast of the plant (i.e., in the direction of the prevailing winds during the study period), allowing us to evaluate the spatial impact of this source. The best match was found for sites located on the tops of mountains whose slopes faced the cement plant. Some of the sites with highest influence of the cement plant were the ones with the highest concentrations, whereas others were not. Thus, our newly developed lichen-based method provides a tool for tracking the spatial fate of industrially emitted PCDD/Fs regardless of their concentrations. The results showed that the method can be used to validate deposition models for PCDD/F industrial emissions in sites with several sources and characterized by complex orography.
URL: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b04873
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Keywords: BACTERIA/ ENDOTHALLIC/ LICHEN/ MICROBIOME/ SYMBIOSIS/ BACTERIA/ NITROGEN FIXATION/ NUTRIENTS/ VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS/ ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY/ ENDOTHALLIC/ ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT/ LICHEN/ MICROBIOME/ RECALCITRANT COMPOUNDS/ SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES/ SYMBIOSIS/ FUNGI
Abstract: Lichens are defined as the specific symbiotic structure comprising a fungus and a green alga and/or cyanobacterium. Up until recently, non-photobiont endothallic bacteria, while known to be present in large numbers, have generally been dismissed as functionally irrelevant cohabitants of the lichen thallus, or even environmental contaminants. Recent analyses of lichen metagenomes and innovative co-culture experiments have uncovered a functionally complex community that appears to contribute to a healthy lichen thallus in several ways. Lichen-associated bacteriomes are typically dominated by several lineages of Proteobacteria, some of which may be specific for lichen species. Recent work has implicated members of these lineages in several important ecophysiological roles. These include nutrient scavenging, including mobilization of iron and phosphate, nitrogen fixation, cellulase, xylanase and amylase activities, and oxidation of recalcitrant compounds, e.g. aromatics and aliphatics. Production of volatile organic compounds, conferring antibacterial and antifungal activity, has also been demonstrated for several lichen-associated isolates. In the present paper we review the nature of non-phototrophic endolichenic bacteria associated with lichens, and give insight into the current state of knowledge on their importance the lichen symbiotic association.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11274-016-2019-2
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URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10512-016-0131-x
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Countries/Continents: Europe/Poland
Notes: The new site of Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. and Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. was found in 2013 in the city of Częstochowa (50°47,847'N; 019°12,277'E; DE 8412 ATPOL). This is the first report on the occurrence of the above-mentioned taxa in the area of Częstochowa. The protected taxa were found in the Rubo fruticosi-Prunetum spinosae community (Matuszkiewicz 2007) at the foot of the highest elevation - Mt Ossona. Seven specimens of Usnea hirta and two specimens of Bryoria fuscescens were found in the total area of 402 m2. The size of the Usnea hirta thallus ranges from 2 cm (3 specimens) to 8 and 9 cm (2 specimens). The height of Usnea hirta occurrence on the shoots of Prunetum spinosae ranged from 20 cm to 100 cm over the ground level. The length of the Bryoria fuscescens thallus was 6 and 11 cm. Bryoria fuscescens occurred at a height of 30 and 40 cm.
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Countries/Continents: Europe/Scotland/Ireland/Britain
Notes: Includes photographs and discussions of lichens.
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Abstract: Climatic fluctuations largely affects species turnover and cause major shifts of terrestrial ecosystem. In the present study the five decade old herbarium specimens of lichens were compared with recent collection from Darjeeling district with respect to elements, PAHs accumulation and carbon isotope composition (δ13C) to explore the changes in climatic conditions and its impact on lichen flora. The δ13C has increased in recent specimens which is in contrast to the assumption that anthropogenic emission leads to δ13C depletion in air and increased carbon discrimination in flora. Study clearly demonstrated an increase in anthropogenic pollution and drastic decrease in precipitation while temperature showed abrupt changes during the past five decades resulting in significant change in lichen community structure. The Usneoid and Pertusorioid communities increased, while Physcioid and Cyanophycean decreased, drastically. Lobarian abolished from the study area, however, Calcicoid has been introduced in the recent past. Probably, post-industrial revolution, the abrupt changes in the environment has influenced CO2 diffusion and/C fixation of (lower) plants either as an adaptation strategy or due to toxicity of pollutants. Thus, the short term studies (≤5 decades) might reflect recent micro-environmental condition and lichen community structure can be used as model to study the global climate change.
URL: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30838
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Keywords: HIMALAYA
Abstract: During field excursions in different regions of India, a number of interesting lichen species were collected. The identification of the specimens revealed occurrence of Amandinea subduplicata (Vain.) Marbach, Graphis crebra Vain., Graphis nuda (Magn.) Staiger & Lucking, Lecanora subjaponica L. Lu & H.Y. Wang and Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi, as new additions to Indian lichen flora.
Countries/Continents: India/Asia
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Abstract: The lichen diversity in Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India was studied in order to access the long-term effect of climate change in alpine regions of the area. The present study provides an enumeration of 122 species of lichens belonging to 47 genera and 24 families at five major sites of Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. Out of 5 sites, Mangalam Gompa (HSP 3), PTSO Lake (HSP 2) and Nagula (HSP 1) are the three highest summit point (HSPs), which have been designated as permanent long-term monitoring sites under the Indian Space Research Organization programme for monitoring the effect of climate change on Himalayan alpine ecosystem while two adjoining additional localities Tawang and SeLa pass were also surveyed. Among 5 localities, the Tawang area has the maximum diversity of lichens represented by 48 species followed by HSP 3 with 41 species and 28 species each in both HSP 2 and HSP 1. The SeLa Pass is represented by occurrence of 26 species only. Lichen family Parmeliaceae is the dominant in the study area, belonging to 51 species followed by Cladoniaceae and Lecanoraceae with 16 and 7 species, respectively. Any alteration in the substratum as well as growth forms of baseline lichen species in near future may help us to predict the habitat shift/composition of species in the area. The biomonitoring procedure could be further standardized and used as part of an environmental monitoring programme in near future.
Countries/Continents: Asia/India
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40011-016-0830-z
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Abstract: Lichenometry is an extremely useful technique in dating moraine ridge and recent glacier retreat in polar and alpine regions. The study relates the size of the lichen thallus to the minimum age of the exposure of the surface on which it grows which consequently helps in assessment of the age of the boulders. The Lichenometric studies are carried out in Kupup and Thangu area of eastern Himalaya in Sikkim and Thajiwas glacier in Ganderbal district of north western Himalaya of Jammu and Kashmir with the help of diameters of a common crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum growing luxuriantly on exposed boulder. The Thajiwas glacier showed retreat of 200 m in 279 years while in Thangu and Kupup area of eastern Himalaya the retreat was estimated as 200 m in 100 and 91 years respectively. The rate of retreat was slightly more faster in eastern Himalayan (20 mm/century) than the north-western Himalaya region (18.5mm/century).
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-016-0427-4
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Keywords: BIOGRAPHY
Countries/Continents: Ireland/Europe
Notes: Brief accounts of clergymen including H.W. Lott.
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Keywords: CETRARIA ISLANDICA/ DIABETES MELLITUS/ HISTOLOGY/ KIDNEY/ OXIDATIVE STRESS/ PSEUDEVERNIA FURFURACEA / ANTIDIABETIC AGENT/ CETRARIA ISLANDICA EXTRACT/ CONGO RED/ EOSIN/ HEMATOXYLIN/ MALONALDEHYDE / NATURAL PRODUCT/ PERIODIC ACID/ PSEUDEVERNIA FURFURACEA EXTRACT/ STREPTOZOCIN / UNCLASSIFIED DRUG/ ADULT/ ANIMAL EXPERIMENT/ ANIMAL MODEL/ ANIMAL TISSUE / ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY/ ARTICLE/ CETRARIA ISLANDICA/ CONTROLLED STUDY/ DIABETES MELLITUS/ DRUG EFFECT / DRUG ISOLATION/ HISTOPATHOLOGY/ LICHEN (ORGANISM)/ MALE/ NONHUMAN/ OXIDATIVE STRESS / PSEUDEVERNIA FURFURACEA/ RAT/ STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS
Abstract: Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of a fungus joined to a photosynthesizing partner that can be either an alga or a cyanobacterium. They can be used as a novel bioresource for natural antioxidants. However, there is also a need for further studies to validate the lichens used in medicinal remedies. This study covers a previously unrecognized effects of Cetraria islandica (CIAE) and Pseudevernia furfuracea (PFAE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. In experimental design, control or diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with aqueous lichen extracts (250-500 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anesthetized, metabolic and biochemical parameters were appreciated between control and treatment groups. The histopathology of kidney was examined using four different staining methods: hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Masson trichrome and Congo red. Our experimental data showed that increasing doses of CIAE and PFAE did not have any detrimental effects on the studied parameters and the malondialdehyde level of kidney. CIAE extract showed prominent results compared to doses of PFAE extract for antioxidant capacity. However, the protective effect of CIAE extract was inadequate on diabetes-induced disorders and kidney damages. Moreover, animals subjected to diabetes mellitus (DM) therapy did not benefit unfortunately from the usage of increasing lichen doses due to their unchanged antioxidant activity to tissue. The results obtained in present study suggested that CIAE and PFAE are safe but the power of these is limited because of the intensive oxidative stress in kidney of type 1 diabetic rats. It is also implied that CIAE extract is especially suitable for different administration routes in DM.
URL: http://tih.sagepub.com/content/31/12/1304.abstract
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Keywords: BASALT/ LICHEN/ MIGRATION/ MOSS/ TRACE ELEMENT/ WUDALIANCHI/ BRYOPHYTA
Abstract: Vegetation (e.g., lichens and mosses) living on the basalt substrate have potential to accumulate trace elements in their tissues. Here, we analyze the trace elements in basalt (collected from major volcanic center to jet plate places, representing four different eruption phases) and adjacent lichens and mosses to assess their elemental source-receptor relation. The results indicate that As, Sr, Mo, Cd, and Ba are enriched in basalt, and depleted in lichens and mosses. However, Zn, Hg, and Pb are enriched in lichens and mosses and depleted in basalt. Moreover, with the increase of basalt age, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu are gradually enriched in lichen and moss, but gradually depleted in basalt. Compared with transition metals, large ion lithophiles, the platinum group, and rare earth elements, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, and Os are more easily absorbed by No. 1 lichen. Specifically, S is highly assimilated in vegetation, with a highest value of 166, followed by I, C, Pb, Zn, and Hg. In addition, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of water samples suggest that the surface water in the Wenbo area came from meteoric waters in summer with a high humidity, while the underground water in the Beiyaoquan area came from meteoric waters in winter with a low humidity.
Countries/Continents: Asia/China
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912015301814
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Abstract: A bioatividade das substâncias liquênicas vem sendo divulgada há décadas. No entanto, a utilização de liquens para fins medicinais e ou comerciais põe em risco a sustentabilidade ambiental, uma vez que seu crescimento é lento, mesmo em sistemas tropicais. O conhecimento das rotas biossintéticas permite o estudo da aptidão de cada espécie a partir de técnicas de imobilização de células contidas em fragmentos de talos. Otimizar a produtividade das células imobilizadas do líquen Cladonia verticillaris com uso de novos parâmetros como luminosidade natural, desenho de novos biorreatores e radiação ultravioleta (exposição ultravioleta B ) foi o objetivo deste trabalho. O material liquênico (12g) foi em parte submetido à radiação UV-B numa dose de 9 J/cm2 (6g), posteriormente picotado e enclausurado com caulinita e acondicionado em 6 biorreatores, três deles com liquens irradiados, e outros três com liquens não irradiados. Cada biorreator recebeu como precursor acetato de sódio a 0,1mM, 1,0mM ou 10,0mM. Alíquotas do meio com acetato foram coletadas por um período de cinco meses, sendo avaliados os resultados através de espectrofotometria e cromatografia em camada delgada dos extratos orgânicos, determinando assim as melhores concentrações de precursor e a condição de material irradiado ou não para otimizar bioprodução contínua de metabólitos secundários. Os extratos resultantes das imobilizações demonstraram que a espécie bioproduziu por todo o experimento. Quando se observa a produtividade do talo dos liquens previamente irradiados com UVB, há um aumento do pico de produção da porção liquênica irradiada em relação à parcela que não recebeu radiação, em especial na concentração 10mM do precursor. É possível que o líquen submetido a um forte estresse, causado pela dose de radiação, tenha produzido uma maior quantidade de fenóis como mecanismo de defesa.
Notes: Abstract, in Portuguese.
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Abstract: O consumo de liquens por Constrictotermes cyphergaster é uma incógnita na literatura termítica. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar o consumo de liquens por C. cyphergaster, verificando a ocorrência de substâncias liquênicas no conteúdo alimentar dos operários desses insetos. O forrageamento dos cupins foi monitorado em quatro ninhos, durante dois dias, coletando-se e armazenando em acetona os operários que forrageavam sobre os liquens. O material liquênico e o conteúdo alimentar dos cupins coletados passaram por um processo de extração dos fenóis liquênicos, utilizando-se os solventes éter dietílico, clorofórmio e acetona, consecutivamente. Os extratos obtidos a partir de cada solvente foram submetidos a cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para identificação dos compostos presentes nas respectivas amostras. As placas foram reveladas sob luz UV curta e longa, posteriormente pulverizadas com ácido sulfúrico a 20%, e aquecidas a 50ºC até visualização das bandas. O Rf (relação de frente) e a coloração das bandas reveladas, quando comparados aos padrões (ácidos fumarprotocetrárico – FUM, ácido salazínico - SAL, ácido barbático - BAR, atranorina – ATR e ácido úsnico - USN) foram os parâmetros utilizados para identificação dos compostos. Observou-se que algumas das substâncias liquênicas presentes nos liquens ingeridos pelos cupins se repetiram em seu conteúdo alimentar, comprovando a ingesta desse recurso por esses insetos. Acredita-se que os ácidos liquênicos presentes no conteúdo alimentar dos cupins possam exercer ação degradativa sobre a celulose, principal molécula presente na alimentação dos cupins, que por sua vez não conseguem digerir sozinhos. Conhecer o papel das substâncias liquênicas na alimentação de C. cyphergaster poderá vir a contribuir para oconhecimento sobre a ecologia nutricional desse cupim em ambiente de Caatinga, podendo essas substâncias atuarem como fator motivador para a exploração desse recurso pelos cupins, fazendo-se necessária a realização de estudos posteriores para análises dessas hipóteses.
Notes: Abstract, in Portuguese.
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Keywords: ANTARCTICA/ MERCURY DEPOSITION/ TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS/ CRYPTOGAMS/ HG BIOMONITORING
Abstract: Mercury in the Antarctic troposphere has a distinct chemistry and challenging long-term measurements are needed for a better understanding of the atmospheric Hg reactions with oxidants and the exchanges of the various mercury forms among air-snow-sea and biota. Antarctic mosses and lichens are reliable biomonitors of airborne metals and in short time they can give useful information about Hg deposition patterns. Data summarized in this review show that although atmospheric Hg concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere are lower than those in the Northern Hemisphere, Antarctic cryptogams accumulate Hg at levels in the same range or higher than those observed for related cryptogam species in the Arctic, suggesting an enhanced deposition of bioavailable Hg in Antarctic coastal ice-free areas. In agreement with the newest findings in the literature, the Hg bioaccumulation in mosses and lichens from a nunatak particularly exposed to strong katabatic winds can be taken as evidence for a Hg contribution to coastal ecosystems by air masses from the Antarctic plateau. Human activities on the continent are mostly concentrated in coastal ice-free areas, and the deposition in these areas of Hg from the marine environment, the plateau and anthropogenic sources raises concern. The use of Antarctic cryptogams as biomonitors will be very useful to map Hg deposition patterns in costal ice-free areas and will contribute to a better understanding of Hg cycling in Antarctica and its environmental fate in terrestrial ecosystems.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516310244
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Abstract: Long-range transport and residence time of elemental Hg (Hg°) in air promote global dispersion and deposition in remote ecosystems. Many biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the photoreduction and phytovolatilization of Hg from terrestrial ecosystems, and the assessment of deposition and volatilization fluxes is very challenging. Mosses and lichens are widespread in nature and constitute the dominant vegetation in alpine and polar ecosystems. This review surveys the results of Hg biomonitoring with cryptogams in areas with different Hg sources and deposition processes. Lichen and moss ecophysiology, and factors affecting Hg uptake and bioaccumulation are discussed. Although some laboratory experiments indicate a linear accumulation of Hg in cryptogams exposed to Hg°, without any significant release, in nature the Hg accumulated in cryptogams is in a dynamic equilibrium with Hg in air and decreases when organisms are transplanted to clean environments. Mercury concentrations in mosses and lichens have often been used to estimate concentrations and deposition fluxes of atmospheric Hg; however, Hg° exchanges between cryptogams and air, and the time necessary for mosses and lichens to equilibrate elemental composition with changing atmospheric chemistry, preclude reliable estimates. Biological processes of Hg uptake and exchange with air cannot be reproduced by mechanical collectors, and comparisons between Hg concentrations in biomonitors and those in atmospheric deposition are scarcely reliable. However, the Hg biomonitoring with mosses and lichens is easy and cheap and allows to locate “hot spots” of natural or anthropogenic emissions and to assess spatio-temporal changes in Hg deposition patterns. Climate change is affecting the global Hg cycle through the melting of sea-ice in coastal Polar Regions, and modifying Hg sequestration in mountain ecosystems. Despite limitations, large-scale monitoring of Hg with mosses and lichens may be used as a tool to evaluate the impact of global processes in remote ecosystems.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716316564
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Keywords: CONSERVATION/ SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT/ ACADIAN FOREST/ EDGE EFFECTS/ FRAGMENTATION/ BIODIVERSITY
Abstract: Clear-cut or mosaic forestry practices are known to reduce biodiversity in harvested areas, but the biodiversity in the remaining adjacent forests is also affected. Interior parts of the forest that become edge have increased light, wind, and temperature, and a decrease in moisture. Species with a narrow range of tolerance to environmental change are most affected. To better understand this ‘edge effect’ in the Acadian Forest, 20 mature deciduous stands in northeastern New Brunswick were examined that were adjacent to clear-cuts ranging from 6–11 years old. We used lichens as our bioindicators and selected the genus Lobaria because it is particularly sensitive to disturbance, but also common in mature deciduous forests of this region. Three Lobaria species that are known to occur in the Acadian Forest were examined: L. pulmonaria, L. quercizans, and L. scrobiculata. Canopy closure, temperature, and presence data were recorded at the forest edge and at the first occurrence of any of these three species along a transect running directly into the forest (three transects at each stand, 60 total). Our results show that the species selected have a negative response to newly created forest edges. Lobaria pulmonaria was the most tolerant to edge effects followed by L. quercizan and L. scrobiculata. The mean occurrence distance from the forest edge for all three species was 12.12 m (± 5.66). Forest managers can use these findings to better understand the impacts of clear-cutting on the biodiversity that inhabits the edges created in the residual forests.
URL: http://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/abs/10.5558/tfc2015-092
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Keywords: RO/ LICHENES
Abstract: The authors have carried out a computerized survey of the 457 samples of Ramalina kept in the Lichenological Collection of the Department of Plant Biology at the University of Rome "La Sapienza". They have identified the "types" of which De Notarius (1846) based his description of three new species and thirteen new varieties of Ramalina.
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Abstract: With an increasing demand for forest-based products, there is a growing interest in introducing fast-growing non-native tree species in forest management. Such introductions often have unknown consequences for native forest biodiversity. In this study, we examine epiphytic lichen species richness and species composition on the trunks of non-native Pinus contorta and compare these to the native Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies in managed boreal forests in northern Sweden across a chronosequence of age classes. Overall, we recorded a total of 66,209 lichen occurrences belonging to 57 species in the 96 studied forest stands. We found no difference in species richness of lichens between stands of P. contorta and P. sylvestris, but stands of P. abies had higher total species richness. However, species richness of lichens in stands of P. abies decreased with increasing stand age, while no such age effect was detected for P. contorta and P. sylvestris. Lichen species composition progressively diverged with increasing stand age, and in 30-year-old stands all three tree species showed species-specific assemblages. Epiphytic lichen assemblages in stands of 30-year-old P. contorta were influenced by greater basal area, canopy closure, and average diameter at breast height, P. abies stands by higher branch density and canopy closure, and stands of P. sylvestris by greater bark crevice depth. Differences in lichen species richness and composition were mainly explained by canopy closure and habitat availability, and the greater canopy closure in mature P. abies stands promoted the colonization and growth of calicioid lichen species. Our results indicate that the non-native P. contorta have similar species richness as the native P. sylvestris. The main difference in lichen species richness and composition is between P. abies and Pinus spp. in managed forests of boreal Sweden.
Countries/Continents: Europe
URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147004
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Keywords: CALLUNA VULGARIS/ COASTAL HEATH/ C:N RATIO/ FLOWER FORMATION/ PLANT COVER/ SHOOT INCREMENT
Abstract: Anthropogenic deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) has increased during the 20th century, and is considered an important driver of shifts in ecosystem functions and biodiversity loss. The objective of the present study was to identify those ecosystem functions that best evidence a target ecosystem’s sensitivity to N deposition, taking coastal heathlands as an example. We conducted a three-year field experiment in heathlands of the island Fehmarn (Baltic Sea, North Germany), which currently are subject to a background deposition of 9 kg N ha−1 yr−1. We experimentally applied six levels of N fertilisation (application of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and quantified the growth responses of different plant species of different life forms (dwarf shrubs, graminoids, bryophytes, lichens) as well as shifts in the C:N ratios of plant tissue and humus horizons. For an applicability of the experimental findings (in terms of heathland management and critical load assessment) fertilisation effects on response variables were visualised by calculating the treatment ‘effect sizes’. The current year’s shoot increment of the dominant dwarf shrub Calluna vulgaris proved to be the most sensitive indicator to N fertilisation. Shoot increment significantly responded to additions of ≥ 5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 already in the first year, whereas flower formation of Calluna vulgaris increased only in the high-N treatments. Similarly, tissue C:N ratios of vascular plants (Calluna vulgaris and the graminoids Carex arenaria and Festuca ovina agg.) only decreased in the highest N treatments (50 and 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively). In contrast, tissue C:N ratios of cryptogams responded more quickly and sensitively than vascular plants. For example, Cladonia spp. tissue C:N ratios responded to N additions ≥ 5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the second study year. After three years we observed an increase in cover of graminoids and a corresponding decrease of cryptogams at N fertilisation rates of ≥ 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Soil C:N ratios proved to be an inappropriate indicator for N fertilisation at least within our three-year study period. Although current critical N loads for heathlands (10−20 kg N ha−1 yr−1) were confirmed in our experiment, the immediate and highly sensitive response of the current year’s shoots of Calluna vulgaris suggests that at least some ecosystem functions (e.g. dwarf shrub growth) also might respond to low (i.e. < 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1) but chronic inputs of N.
Notes: Lichens were among the studied organisms.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X16304745
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Keywords: DAMAEIDAE/ ECOLOGY/ IMMATURE/ LICHEN/ NEW SPECIES/ ONTOGENY
Abstract: Herein, the description of the adults and immature instars of a newly discovered species, Epidamaeus munkhbayari sp. nov. along with detailed illustrations and data on habitat ecology are provided. Adults of this new species can be easily distinguished form other known species of Epidamaeus by the combination of following characters: two pairs of well-developed prodorsal ridges, the presence of ventral tubercles E2a, Va and Vp, the short, thin interlamellar setae, and the strongly developed tectum of podocephalic fossa. Further, the redescription of adults and morphology of deutonymph of a little known species, Spatiodamaeus cf. fageti Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1957, which is recorded for the first time in Asia, are given. The diagnosis of the latter species is modified and enriched with the characters of deutonymph. Following the descriptions and comparisons, we discuss aspects of the distribution and ecology of both studied species. Comparative characteristics of juveniles of different species belonging to Epidamaeus and Spatiodamaeus are performed, and the ex-tended discussion on the immature morphology of Damaeidae is provided. Based on the comparative analyses, it can be generalized that the juvenile morphologies of not only Epidamaeus and Spatiodamaeus, but also those of other genera of the family are very similar, and hence, they differ from one another only by a few features, such as the body size, length of setiform organs, such as sensilli, interlamellar as well as gastronotic setae, structure and location of gastronotic corni-cles. Epidamaeus munkhbayari sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality; S. fageti is a Palaearctic species, known from Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Both species appear to be sylvicolous, and primarily inhabitants of lichens growing on tree trunks as well as bare rocks. A list of oribatid mites, inhabiting the lichens growing on tree trunks and bare rocks in a high mountain cool temperate forest together with the two species central to this study, is given.
Countries/Continents: Mongolia/Asia
URL: http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4097.4.1
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Notes: Lichens discussed under certain habitat types.
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Keywords: GENDER AND SCIENCE/ BRYOPHYTES/ FUNGI/ LICHENS/ BRAZIL
Abstract: This article sheds light on Maria Bandeira, the first female botanist to work at the Botanic Garden of Rio de Janeiro. She was active in the 1920s, but is absent from the historiography and little cited in the scientific literature. The significant number of plant, fungus, and lichen specimens she collected, her capacity to reach far-flung places, her extensive correspondence with foreign experts, and her studies at Sorbonne are all sources for the analysis of the way botany was practiced and the social networks at play in science at the time. The end of her scientific career, when she adopted a cloistered life with the Barefoot Carmelite nuns, can be interpreted variously, and partially explains why her contributions to Brazilian botany have been forgotten.
Countries/Continents: Brazil/South America
Notes: She collected lichens.
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-59702016005002102&lng=en&tlng=en
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URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1639/0747-9859-33.1.50
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Abstract: The aim of the research is to explore antilipoxygenase, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the selected lichen species of genus Heterodermia (Physciaceae). The species extract have shown concentration dependent lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition. Fifty percent (IC50) LOX inhibition was obtained by H. diademata, H. flabellata, H. antillarum and H. incana with 0.123, 0.153, 0.160, 0.150 mg/ml respectively; which is smaller than the synthetic antioxidant BHA and BHT. Only the extract of H. diademata showed IC50, 0.123 mg/ml is equal to LOX inhibitor Indomethicin. The LOX inhibition kinetics with respect to the lichen extract resulted different mode of inhibition. Competitive inhibition was found towards LOX by H. albicans, H. antillarum; uncompetitive inhibition by H. diademata and noncompetitive inhibition showed by H. angustiloba, H. flabellata, H. incana, H. isidiophora and H. pseudospeciosa. These species extract have also showed ≤50 % radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract of H. diademata, H. angustiloba, H. albicans and H. isidiophora showed the strong antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms at concentration ranging from 0.232 mg/ml to 0.591 mg/ml. These findings suggest that these lichen species of genus Heterodermia can be used as new bioresources for the natural lipoxygenase inhibitor with antimicrobial and radical scavenging features.
URL: http://www.geobotanica.ru/bp/2016_05_01/behera_2016.html
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Keywords: BRYOPHYTES/ CLIMATE GRADIENT/ ECOLOGICAL CONTINUITY/ EPIPHYTES/ FOREST MANAGEMENT/ LICHENS/ SO2 POLLUTION/ SPECIES RICHNESS/ SUCCESSION
Abstract: Background: Oceanic hazelwoods in western Scotland are hypothesised to be unmanaged post-glacial relicts, representing an unusual type of old-growth forest habitat in Europe. They are characterised by an exceptionally high epiphytic diversity, including their status as ‘hotspots’ for indicators of woodland ecological continuity. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate, pollution and management on the occurrence of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes on Corylus avellana. Methods: Thirteen hazelwood study sites were systematically sampled along a climate, pollution and management gradient in Britain. Epiphyte composition and richness were examined in a strict hierarchical framework, and compared against site-, stool- and stem-scale environmental predictors. Results: The study showed that along the gradient from ‘clean-air’ relict sites to ‘polluted’ coppiced sites: (i) epiphytic local stem-scale diversity declined, (ii) there was a loss of late-successional species including foliose cyano- and tripartite lichens and bryophytes and (iii) stem sizes were reduced, providing a further limit to the accumulation of species richness within a site. Conclusions: Relict hazelwoods in western Scotland are confirmed as an example of the most intact epiphyte communities. In particular, we show that the transition to coppicing can be clearly linked to ecological processes causing species loss.
Countries/Continents: Scotland/Europe
URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17550874.2016.1233295
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Abstract: In this study we sought answers to two questions (i) What is the relative influence of silvicultural disturbances on species richness in northern temperate and boreal forests? and (ii) In a scenario where emulating natural disturbances is applied, do collinearity and hierarchical structure exist among climate, soils, disturbance of the forest canopy and forest floor, exotic species, and species richness? By capitalizing on the NEBIE plot network, a large-plot experimental study designed to evaluate the effects of intensification of silviculture on fiber production and biodiversity. We demonstrate that silvicultural disturbances act with contemporary climate, soils, and historic fire regimes to influence plant species richness in northern temperate and boreal forests in Ontario, Canada. Relationships between various factors and plant species richness (total and for each life form: woody, herbaceous, bryophyte, and lichen) were analyzed using general linear (GLM) and structural equation modelling (SEM). Results of GLM indicate that climate accounted for the overwhelming percentage of variation in species richness of each of the plant life form groupings (>50% and often >70%), while soil properties, canopy structure, silvicultural practices, and degree of natural disturbance each accounted for on the order of 10% or less of variation in species richness. Results of fitted SEM suggested strong collinearity and hierarchy among climate, soils, historic fire regimes, and silviculture systems; however, the effect of silvicultural intensity on plant species richness was independent of climate, soils, and historic fire regimes.
Countries/Continents: Canada/North America
Notes: "Climate accounted for the overwhelming percentage of variation in species richness of each of the plant life form groupings"
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112716303632
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Abstract: The in vitro antimicrobial activities of five compounds isolated from lichens, collected in several Southern regions of Chile (including the Chilean Antarctic Territory), were evaluated alone and in combination with five therapeutically available antibiotics, using checkerboard microdilution assay against methicillin-resistant clinical isolates strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MIC90, MIC50, as well as MBC90 and MBC50, for the lichen compounds were evaluated. The MIC90 was ranging from 32 µg/ml for perlatolic acid to 128 µg/ml for α-collatolic acid. MBC90 was ranging from onefold up to twofold the MIC90 for each compound. A synergistic action was observed in combination with gentamicin, whilst antagonism was observed for some lichen compounds in combination with levofloxacin. All combinations with erythromycin were indifferent, whilst variability was observed for clindamycin and oxacillin combinations. Data from checkerboard assay were analysed and interpreted using the fractional inhibitory concentration index and the response surface approach using the ΔE model. Discrepancies were found between both methods for some combinations. These could mainly be explained by the failure of FIC approach, being too much subjective and sensitive to experimental errors. These findings suggest, however, that the natural compounds from lichens are good candidates for the individuation of novel templates for the development of new antimicrobial agents or combinations of drugs for chemotherapy.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711314004061
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Keywords: BREST REGION/ GOMEL REGION/ NEW LOCALITIES/ OLD-GROWTH FOREST/ PARMELIOID LICHENS/ PARMOTREMA/ REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Abstract: The paper presents information about new localities of Parmotrema stuppeum, rare foliose lichen in Belarus. Both earlier known and new localities of the species are discussed. New data on the ecology of P. stuppeum in Belarus are provided.
URL: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/botlit.2016.22.issue-1/botlit-2016-0010/botlit-2016-0010.xml?format=INT
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Keywords: CHEMOTAXONOMY/ DISTRIBUTION/ LICHENIZED FUNGI/ PARMELIACEAE/ REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Abstract: Two hundred and ten specimens of Cetrelia collected in Belarus in 1954-2012 were examined based on morphological and chemical characters. Three closely related species of Cetrelia (C. cetrarioides, C. monachorum and C. olivetorum) were identified in this study. The ecological notes and distribution maps of the detected species in Belarus were provided and their conservation status was discussed.
Countries/Continents: Belarus/Europe
URL: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/botlit.2014.20.issue-2/botlit-2014-0010/botlit-2014-0010.xml?format=INT
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Abstract: O Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira, com 7.900 ha está situado entre as latitudes 23º 20′ e 23º 27′ S e as longitudes 46º 28′ e 46º 42′ W. A reserva é praticamente coberta por floresta, em sua maior parte de Mata Atlântica e floresta estacional semidecídua. Punctelia é caracterizado pela superfície superior com pseudocifelas puntiformes, conídios unciformes ou filiformes e produção dos ácidos lecanórico, girofórico e/ou ácidos graxos medulares. Atualmente 45 espécies são conhecidas no mundo, 24 nos biomas brasileiros, sendo 12 para o Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo foi realizar o levantamento das espécies Punctelia que ocorrem na localidade e adjacências. O material estudado foi depositado no herbário Maria Eneyda P. Kauffmann Fidalgo (SP) do Instituto de Botânica. Os espécimes foram identificados observando-se características macro e microscópicas de estruturas somáticas e reprodutivas usando estereomicroscópio e microscópio óptico. Foram feitas análises químicas por testes de coloração (K, C, KC, P), irradiação por luz UV, microcristalização com reagentes G.E. e G.A.W. e cromatografia em camada delgada – CCD com solvente C. O resultado revelou a ocorrência de oito espécies: Punctelia borrerina (Nyl.) Krog (propágulos ausentes, ácidos graxos, lado de baixo negro, conídios filiformes), P. digitata Jungbluth, Marcelli & Elix (lacínulas laminais palmadas, ácido lecanórico e lado de baixo castanho), P. hypoleucites (Nyl.) Krog (propágulos ausentes, ácido lecanórico, lado de baixo castanho), P. microsticta (Müll. Arg.) Krog (propágulos ausentes, ácidos graxos, lado de baixo negro conídios unciformes), Punctelia sp. 1 (sorediada, ácido girofórico, lado de baixo de negra a castanho), Punctelia sp. 2 (sorediada, ácidos graxos, lado de baixo negro), Punctelia sp. 3 (propágulos ausentes, ácido lecanórico, rizinas longas e lado de baixo castanho) e Punctelia sp. 4 (lacínulas marginais, ácido lecanórico, conídios unciformes, lado de baixo castanho), estando estas últimas em fase de publicação. Este trabalho demonstrou a alta diversidade do gênero e a importância de levantamentos florísticos. Isso porque em apenas uma área do Estado de São Paulo foram registradas 8 das 12 espécies de Punctelia citadas, ou seja, a região da Serra da Cantareira apresenta mais de 65% de toda a diversidade conhecida para o Estado.
Notes: Abstract, in Portuguese.
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Keywords: PARAPHYLY/ PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT
Abstract: Contributing to the process of reassigning lecideoid lichens to natural taxa, we assessed phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in the Calvitimela aglaea complex (Tephromelataceae) using DNA sequence data and morphological/anatomical and chemical characters. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS, MCM7, TEF1-α) and mitochondrial (ribosomal SSU) DNA sequences revealed Mycoblastus as sister to a strongly supported clade comprising Calvitimela, Tephrolema and Violella. Species of these three genera fall into six strongly supported subclades with low backbone resolution. Two of these are represented by Tephromela and Violella, which are readily circumscribed morphologically. The remaining four subclades encompass lineages that have until now been assigned to Calvitimela. While Tephromela and Violella as currently circumscribed are recovered as monophyletic in our analyses, Calvitimela is paraphyletic, with four deeply divergent clades. We recognize these four clades as subgenera Calomela, Calvitimela, Paramela and Severidea. Our molecular results further support the recognition of two recently discovered sterile crusts as new species, Calvitimela cuprea and C. livida, distinguished from previously known species by their production of asexual diaspores and from each other by secondary metabolite chemistry. We also report Calvitimela perlata as new for continental North America.
Notes: New: Calvitimela subgen. Calomela Haugan & Timdal (type C. perlata), Calvitimela subgen. Paramela Haugan & Timdal (type C. talayana), Calvitimela subgen. Severidea Haugan & Timdal (type C. aglaea), Calvitimela cuprea Haugan & Timdal (from Norway and Sweden), Calvitimela livida Haugan & Timdal (from Norway, Russia and Sweden).
URL: http://www.mycologia.org/content/107/6/1172.abstract
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Abstract: Symbioses represent a frequent and successful lifestyle on Earth. Recently, bacterial communities were identified as stable, specific, and structurally integrated partners of the classical lichen symbiosis. We found that the diverse microbiota have the ability to contribute multiple aspects to the symbiotic system, including health, growth, and fitness. We developed a model of the symbiosis depicting the functional multi-player network of the participants, and argue that the strategy of functional diversification supports longevity of lichens under extreme conditions.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12268-016-0648-5
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Keywords: PYRENULACEAE/ ENDEMIC
Abstract: Lithothelium bermudense is described as a new saxicolous lichen from Bermuda, characterized mainly by its endolithic thallus and red-brown 3-distoseptate spores with diamond-shaped lumina.
Notes: New: Lithothelium bermudense F.Berger, LaGreca & Aptroot (from Bermuda).
URL: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2016/00000131/00000003/art00006
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Keywords: FRESHWATER LICHENS/ NATIONAL PARK HOHE TAUERN/ AUSTRIA/ SITE PROTECTION/ CONSERVATION
Abstract: A characteristic and species-rich freshwater lichen community (39 lichen species and 4 lichenicolous ascomycetes) was found in a spring-fed brook of the Lackenböden. Leptogium rivale, Henrica melaspora, Thelidium pertusatii and Verrucaria csernaensis are new to the lichen flora of Austria; Bacidina egenula, Hydropunctaria scabra and Scoliciosporum compactum are new to the lichen flora of Carinthia, as well as the lichenicolous fungi Endococcus fusiger, Endococcus verrucosus, Neocoleroa inundata and Stigmidium rivulorum. The investigated locality should get a special status of a Special Protection Area in the National Park „Hohe Tauern“ for its almost undisturbed biota, and the influence of trampling and manuring effects of cattle should be reduced as a priority.
Countries/Continents: Europe/Austria
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.348
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40367#page/146/mode/1up
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URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6313#page/629/mode/1up
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Abstract: Historically, the genus Calothrix included all noncolonial, tapered, heterocytous filaments within the cyanobacteria. However, recent molecular phylogenies show that “Calothrix” defined in this sense represents five distinct clades. The type species of Calothrix is marine, with solitary basal heterocytes, no akinetes, and distal ends tapering abruptly into short hairs. We examined the morphology and phylogeny of 45 tapering cyanobacteria in the Rivulariaceae, including freshwater and marine representatives of both Calothrix (35 strains) and its sister taxon Rivularia (10 strains). The marine Calothrix fall into two lineages, but we lack the generitype and so cannot identify the clade corresponding to the type species. The freshwater and soil Calothrix fall into the C. parietina clade and are characterized by having a basal heterocyte, no akinetes, and gradual tapering—but not into a long hyaline hair. Macrochaete gen. nov. is a freshwater taxon sister to the Calothrix lineages but clearly separated from Rivularia. The species in this genus differ morphologically from Calothrix by their ability to produce two heteromorphic basal heterocytes and specific secondary structures of the 16S–23S ITS. An additional feature present in most species is the presence of a distal, long hyaline hair, but this character has incomplete penetrance due to its expression only under specific environmental conditions (low phosphate), and in one species appears to be lost. We recognize three species: M. psychrophila (type species) from cold environments (high mountains, Antarctica), M. santannae from wet walls of subtropical South America, and M. lichenoides, a phycobiont of lichens from Europe.
Notes: One of the recognized species of Macrochaete is a lichen photobiont.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpy.12425/abstract
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Keywords: LICHENS/ DIATOM&EACUTE;ES/ ALGUES A&EACUTE;ROPORT&EACUTE;ES/ POLLUTION ATMOSPH&EACUTE;RIQUE/ COLONISATION/ AIRBORNE ALGAE/ ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION/ COLONIZATION/ DIATOMS/ LICHENS
Abstract: Les lichens des genres Evernia, Ramalina, Cladonia et Usnea sont presque toujours colonisés par des diatomées. Celles-ci semblent être capturées par le mucus exsudé par les algues symbiotiques et/ou par le mycobionte. Elles sont enveloppées dans les sorédies par le mycélium, puis probablement digérées. Sur les 313 espèces de diatomées dénombrées dans 18 récoltes de lichens (9 Evernia, 3 Usnea, 3 Ramalina, 2 Cladonia, 1 Pseudevernia), 41% ne sont présentes que dans une seule récolte et 16,9% seulement des espèces sont communes à plus de 10 récoltes. Le nombre de taxons par récolte est très important; il varie de 39 à 105 (en moyenne 85). À titre de comparaison, nous avons seulement 29 à 35 espèces sur les écorces adjacentes portant les lichens et en moyenne 37 espèces par récolte dans les rivières. L’abondance absolue est faible sur les lichens par rapport aux diatomées récoltées dans les sphaignes des tourbières. Dans les parties aériennes des lichens, 97% des diatomées sont mortes et seulement 3% ont été observées vivantes et libres. Certaines diatomées, principalement aérophiles, sont particulièrement abondantes dans certaines communautés: Pinnularia borealis (54%), Achnanthidium minutissimum (39%), Diadesmis gallica (31,5%), Hantzschia amphioxys (27%) et Luticola goeppertiana (24%). Ceci tendrait à démontrer leur possibilité de reproduction in situ, justifiée par la présence de cellules possédant encore des éléments vitaux (chloroplastes, gouttelettes lipidiques). L’apparition de peuplements de diatomées sur les lichens semble aléatoire, mais dans certains cas on peut parler d’opportunisme lorsque des diatomées aérophiles semblent pouvoir se développer et se multiplier avant d’être digérées par le lichen.
URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23818107.2016.1156573
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Countries/Continents: France/Europe
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