C. Schoch, G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. De Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni and J. W. Sapatafora 2009: The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. - Systematic Biology58(2): 224-239. [RLL List # 216 / Rec.# 31448] Keywords: ASCOMYCETE PHYLOGENY/ LICHENIZATION/ LECANOROMYCETES/ MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS/ ANCESTRAL CHARACTER RECONSTRUCTION
Abstract: [Results of a 6-gene, 420 species maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. "All lichen taxa are restricted to "Leotiomyceta" and are members of Candelariales, Lecanoromycetes, "Dothideomyceta," Eurotiomycetes, and Lichinomycetes. In contrast to previous studies, these analyses support multiple origins of lichenization events with the loss of lichenization as less frequent and limited to terminal, closely related species."]