Keywords: paraphyly/ phylogenetic species concept
Abstract: Contributing to the process of reassigning lecideoid lichens to natural taxa, we assessed phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation in the Calvitimela aglaea complex (Tephromelataceae) using DNA sequence data and morphological/anatomical and chemical characters. Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear (ITS, MCM7, TEF1-α) and mitochondrial (ribosomal SSU) DNA sequences revealed Mycoblastus as sister to a strongly supported clade comprising Calvitimela, Tephrolema and Violella. Species of these three genera fall into six strongly supported subclades with low backbone resolution. Two of these are represented by Tephromela and Violella, which are readily circumscribed morphologically. The remaining four subclades encompass lineages that have until now been assigned to Calvitimela. While Tephromela and Violella as currently circumscribed are recovered as monophyletic in our analyses, Calvitimela is paraphyletic, with four deeply divergent clades. We recognize these four clades as subgenera Calomela, Calvitimela, Paramela and Severidea. Our molecular results further support the recognition of two recently discovered sterile crusts as new species, Calvitimela cuprea and C. livida, distinguished from previously known species by their production of asexual diaspores and from each other by secondary metabolite chemistry. We also report Calvitimela perlata as new for continental North America.
Notes: New: Calvitimela subgen. Calomela Haugan & Timdal (type C. perlata), Calvitimela subgen. Paramela Haugan & Timdal (type C. talayana), Calvitimela subgen. Severidea Haugan & Timdal (type C. aglaea), Calvitimela cuprea Haugan & Timdal (from Norway and Sweden), Calvitimela livida Haugan & Timdal (from Norway, Russia and Sweden).
URL: http://www.mycologia.org/content/107/6/1172.abstract
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Keywords: Arctic/ Ascomycota/ Bering Straits/ biodiversity/ fungi/ Klondike/ lectotypification/ nomenclature/
Abstract: Surveys of lichens and lichenicolous fungi have been taking place in the U.S. state of Alaska for more than 160 years, but until now assessing the full extent of their diversity has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive and synonymized baseline inventory. In this paper we will begin to redress this by resolving outstanding nomenclatural issues and providing voucher data for a forthcoming catalog of Alaskan lichens, specifically: 1) synonymization and/or resolution of status of species previously reported from Alaska, with emphasis on Alaskan types; 2) species new to the Alaska lichen biota; and 3) biogeographically significant new records from within Alaska. We report 91 species new to the flora of Alaska, including 65 lichens, three saprophytic calicioid fungi and 23 lichenicolous fungi. Of these, we report thirteen species, Biatora sphaeroidiza, Biatorella conspurcans, Chaenothecopsis arthoniae, Collemopsidium foveolatum, Dactylospora frigida, Halospora discrepans, Lecanora bryopsora, Opegrapha geographicola, Peltigera lyngei, Petractis clausa, Protoblastenia cyclospora, Thelocarpon impressellum and Usnea cylindrica as new to North America. In addition, Arthonia pruinata and Flavocetraria minuscula are new to Canada and Adelococcus alpestris new to the United States. We further place the following five names into synonymy: Lecania disceptans (Nyl.) Lynge [= Halecania alpivaga (Th.Fr.) M.Mayrhofer], Lecidea pallidella Nyl. [= Lecania subfuscula (Nyl.) S.Ekman], Lempholemma triptodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (= Leciophysma finmarkicum Th.Fr.), Polyblastia obtenta (Nyl.) Lynge [= Sporodictyon terrestre (Th.Fr.) S.Savić & Tibell], and Verrucaria pernigrata Nyl. [= Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt]. We propose restoring the long overlooked taxon Polyblastia exalbida (Nyl.) Zahlbr., currently known only from Alaska, to the North American lichen checklist. Finally, we propose the new combination Puttea caesia (Fr.) M.Svensson & T.Sprib. to replace Lecidea symmictella Nyl., which becomes a synonym.
Countries/Continents: North America/U.S.A.
Notes: New: Puttea caesia (Fr.) M.Svensson & T.Sprib. (≡ Agyrium caesium Fr.). New synonyms: Lecania disceptans (Nyl.) Lynge (= Halecania alpivaga (Th.Fr.) M.Mayrhofer), Lecidea pallidella Nyl. (= Lecania subfuscula (Nyl.) S.Ekman), Lecidea symmictella Nyl. (= Puttea casea), Lempholemma triptodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (= Leciophysma finmarkicum Th.Fr.), Polyblastia obtenta (Nyl.) Lynge (= Sporodictyon terrestre (Th.Fr.) S.Savić & Tibell), and Verrucaria pernigrata Nyl. (= Protothelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt).
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.13158/heia.25.2.2010.177
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Keywords: ASIA/ BIOGEOGRAPHY/ DISJUNCTION/ RANGE EXTENSION
Abstract: Rinodina excrescens was described from western Siberia by Vainio but has since been reported mainly from eastern North America, and in south-central and southern Europe, where it is rare. We report the rediscovery of this species in Russia from a string of new records in the Russian Far East from Sakhalin Island to the Mongolian border. Current data suggest that R. excrescens has a primarily eastern North American-east Asian distribution with rare outliers elsewhere.
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Keywords: Apinnatic acid/ British Columbia/ Lecanorales/ lichens/ Parmeliaceae/ vegetative propagules
Abstract: The Hypogymnia austerodes group is an assemblage of mostly boreal and arctic-alpine lichens traditionally comprising three wide-ranging sorediate and/or isidiate species, H. austerodes, H. bitteri and H. subobscura. Here we describe four additional members of this group H. dichroma sp. nov., H. protea sp. nov., H. salsa sp. nov. and H. verruculosa sp. nov. which have until now been treated within H. austerodes s. lat. Our new species are primarily epiphytic, and are currently known only from Cordilleran western North America. They differ from other members of the H. austerodes group both morphologically and in their virtually consistent production of apinnatic acid. Hypogymnia protea is by far the most variable of the new species, uniting two putative taxa here designated as morphs "disjuncta" and "tessellata". Reliable discrimination of the segregate species requires careful attention to their vegetative reproductive structures, which are described in detail. A key to all treated species and their recognized morphs is provided. Earlier reports of H. farinacea from western North America appear to be based on schizidiate material of H. protea morph "tessellata". Whether H. farinacea actually occurs in North America remains an open question. © 2012 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Notes: New species: Hypogymnia dichroma Goward, Hypogymnia protea Goward, T.Sprib. & Ahti, Hypogymnia salsa Goward, and Hypogymnia verruculosa Goward
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.84
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Abstract: The impact of Josef Hafellners scientific work on the systematics of lichenized ascomycetes and on the knowledge on lichenicolous fungi is discussed and the value of his extensive collections (c. 100,000 lichens including c. 8,000 lichenicolous fungi) is highlighted. A bibliography (1975–2016) is presented.
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Abstract: Tingiopsidium antedates Vestergrenopsis by one year and is apparently the oldest generic name for a group of so far three species of cyanophilic lichenized fungi. The combinations Tingiopsidium elaeinum, T. isidiatum, and T. sonomense are introduced.
Notes: New: Tingiopsidium elaeinum (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Hafellner & T.Sprib. (≡ Parmelia elaeina Wahlenb. ex Ach.), T. isidiatum (Degel.) Hafellner & T.Sprib. (≡ Pannaria isidiata Degel.), T. sonomense (Tuck.) Hafellner & T.Sprib. (Pannaria sonomensis Tuck.).
URL: http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/fritschiana_83_0047-0050.pdf
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Keywords: Alaska/ Canada/ conifer snag/ Lecidea/ Norway/ plusiosporic/ Puttea/ secalonic acid A/ Washington
Abstract: Lecidea coriacea is described as new to science from the boreal forests of Europe and montane conifer forests of northwestern North America. It is probably related to some of the species currently assigned to the genus Puttea, but is included in Lecidea awaiting a more thorough revision of this group. The species is characterized by pale to dark brown apothecia, plusiosporic asci and by the production of secalonic acid A in the hypothecium causing a golden yellow reaction with KOH. Lecidea coriacea seems to be a species of oldgrowth forests and is threatened by forestry. It often grows on old trees of Betula, Picea and Salix or on old conifer snags. Notes on similar species and other plusiosporic epiphytic and lignicolous species in boreal forests are given.
Notes: New: Lecidea coriacea Holien & Palice (from Canada, Czech Republic, Norway, Russia, Sweden and U.S.A.). Lecidea plusiospora Th.Fr. & Hulting lectotypified and placed in synonymy with L. betulicola (Kullh.) H.Magn.
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Keywords: Camouflage lichens/ Coalescence/ Concatenate/ Cryptic species/ Lichen distributions/ Species delimitation
Abstract: Accurate species circumscriptions are central for many biological disciplines and have critical implications for ecological and conservation studies. An increasing body of evidence suggests that in some cases traditional morphology-based taxonomy have underestimated diversity in lichen-forming fungi. Therefore, genetic data play an increasing role for recognizing distinct lineages of lichenized fungi that it would otherwise be improbable to recognize using classical phenotypic characters. Melanohalea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the most widespread and common lichen-forming genera in the northern Hemisphere. In this study, we assess traditional phenotype-based species boundaries, identify previously unrecognized species-level lineages and discuss biogeographic patterns in Melanohalea. We sampled 487 individuals worldwide, representing 18 of the 22 described Melanohalea species, and generated DNA sequence data from mitochondrial, nuclear ribosomal, and protein-coding markers. Diversity previously hidden within traditional species was identified using a genealogical concordance approach. We inferred relationships among sampled species-level lineages within Melanohalea using both concatenated phylogenetic methods and a coalescent-based multilocus species tree approach. Although lineages identified from genetic data are largely congruent with traditional taxonomy, we found strong evidence supporting the presence of previously unrecognized species in six of the 18 sampled taxa. Strong nodal support and overall congruence among independent loci suggest long-term reproductive isolation among most species-level lineages. While some Melanohalea taxa are truly widespread, a limited number of clades appear to have much more restricted distributional ranges. In most instances the concatenated gene tree and multilocus species tree approaches provided similar estimates of relationships. However, nodal support was generally higher in the phylogeny estimated from concatenated data, and relationships among taxa within one major clade were largely unresolved in the species tree. This study contributes to our understanding of diversity and evolution in common lichen-forming fungi by incorporating multiple locus sequence data to circumscribe morphologicallly cryptic lineages and infer relationships within a coalescent-based species tree approach. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.013
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Notes: New species: Acarospora flavisparsa V.J.Rico & Candan, Acarospora janae K. Knudsen, Aderkomyces thailandicus Papong, Boonpragob & Lücking, Amandinea maritima Giralt, van den Boom & Elix, Ampliotrema cocosense Lücking & Chaves, Anomomorpha lecanorina Sipman, Anomomorpha tuberculata Lücking, Umaña & Will-Wolf, Aspicilia mansourii Sohrabi, Bacidina sorediata Seaward & Lücking, Badimia multiseptata Papong & Lücking, Badimia vezdana Lücking, Farkas & Wirth, Biatora epirotica Printzen & T.Sprib., Buellia sulphurica Bungartz & Aptroot, Bunodophoron pinnatum Wedin, Byssoloma spinulosum Sérus., Calopadia cinereopruinosa Bungartz & Lücking, Calopadia editae Vĕzda ex Chaves & Lücking, Caloplaca brownlieae S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt, Caloplaca decipioides Arup, Caloplaca digitaurea Søgaard, Søchting & Sancho, Caloplaca magnussoniana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell, Caloplaca mereschkowskiana S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Caloplaca yorkensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Calvitimela uniseptata G.Thor, Chapsa microspora Kalb, Chapsa psoromica M.Cáceres, Santos de Jesus & Santos Vieira, Chapsa rubropulveracea Hale ex Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Chapsa thallotrema Lücking & N.Salazar, Chiodecton pustuliferum Aptroot, Cladonia mongkolsukii Parnmen & Ahti, Clypeopyrenis porinoides Komposch, J.E.Hern. & Rosabal, Coccocarpia delicatula Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking, Coenogonium flammeum L.I.Ferraro, Michlig & Lücking, Cresponea ancistrosporelloides Sparrius & Sipman, Crocynia microphyllina Aptroot, Dictyonema hernandezii Lücking, Lawrey & Dal-Forno, Dictyonema hirsutum Moncada & Lücking, Diorygma microsporum M.Cáceres & Lücking, Diorygma sticticum Sutjaritturakan, Kalb & Lücking, Echinoplaca pernambucensis Øvstedal & Elix, Echinoplaca schizidiifera J.E.Hern. & Lücking, Eremithallus marusae R.Miranda, Gaya & Lücking, Everniastrum constictovexans Sipman, Fellhanera borbonica Sérus., van den Boom & Brand, Fibrillithecis sprucei Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Fissurina astroisidiata Herrera-Campos & Lücking, Fissurina nigrolabiata Rivas Plata, Bawingan & Lücking, Fissurina subcomparimuralis Common & Lücking, Graphis caribica Lücking, Graphis cerradensis Marcelli, Benatti & Lücking, Graphis itatiaiensis Nelsen, Lücking & Spielmann, Graphis marusae B.Peña & Lücking, Gyalideopsis chicaque Moncada & Lücking, Gyrotrema papillatum Lücking, Harpidium gavilaniae Amo, Pérez-Ortega & A. Crespo, Hypogymnia amplexa Goward, Björk & Wheeler, Hypotrachyna guatemalensis Elix & van den Boom, Hypotrachyna indica Divakar, Lumbsch, Upreti & A.Crespo, Hypotrachyna lueckingii Sipman, Hypotrachyna paracitrella Sipman & Palice, Hypotrachyna paraphyscioides Sipman, Hypotrachyna parasinuosa Sipman & Palice, Icmadophila eucalypti Kantvilas, Krogia microphylla Timdal, Lecanora mugaii Kirika, I.Schmitt, Fankhauser & Lumbsch, Lecanora printzenii Pérez-Ortega, Vivas & Hafellner, Lecanora xanthoplumosella Lumbsch & Elix, Lecidea lygommella Elix, Lecidella greenii U.Ruprecht & Türk, Lempholemma corticola M.Schultz & T.Sprib., Lepraria sekikaica Elix, Lobariella sipmanii Moncada, Betancourt & Lücking, Megalospora austropacifica Lumbsch, Naikatini & Lücking, Megalospora galapagoensis Bungartz, Ziemmeck & Lücking, Menegazzia endocrocea Kantvilas, Myriotrema endoflavescens Hale ex Lücking, Ocellularia albobullata Lücking, Sipman & Grube, Ocellularia vizcayensis Rivas Plata, Duya & Lücking, Ochrolechia insularis Kantvilas & Elix, Opegrapha viridipruinosa B.J.Coppins & R.Yahr, Pannaria phyllidiata Elvebakk, Parmelia asiatica A.Crespo & Divakar, Pertusaria conspersa Messuti, Phlyctis psoromica Elix & Kantvilas, Placopsis imshaugii D.J.Galloway, Platismatia wheeleri Goward, Altermann & Björk, Porina huainamdungensis Papong, Thammathaworn & Lücking, Ramalina hyrcana Sipman, Ramalina stoffersii Sipman, Relicina coloiana Elix & Sipman, Rhizocarpon diploschistidina McCune, Sagenidiopsis isidiata G.Thor, Elix, Lücking & Sipman, Sticta venosa Lücking, Moncada & Robayo, Tapellaria albomarginata Lücking, Thelotrema fijiense Lumbsch, Lücking & Naikatini, Tricharia nigriuncinata Yeshitela, Eb.Fischer, Killmann & Sérus., Usnea galapagona Truong & P.Clerc, Usnea pallidocarpa Wirtz & Lumbsch, Verrucaria rhizicola Aptroot & Thüs, and Xanthomendoza rosmarieae S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt; new combinations: Fibrillithecis dehiscens (Leight.) Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch, Lobariella botryoides (Yoshim. & Arv.) Moncada & Lücking, and Lobariella pallida (Hook.f.) Moncada & Lücking.
URL: http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00018p127.pdf
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Abstract: This is the first comprehensive summary of the occurrence, literature references, and ecological context for lichens in any state or province in the Pacific Northwest or northern Rocky Mountains. Because we also include reports from adjoining states and provinces, the book should be useful in a broad area. The monograph will be an invaluable reference for people delving into crustose lichens. So far, a total of 1074 species are documented from Montana. Of these, 283 species are new for the state and 19 are new to North America. We discuss the rare, threatened, and endangered lichens of Montana. Priorities for surveys and monitoring are evaluated by placing species in one of eight categories, based on all combinations of global rarity, ease of detection, and habitat vulnerability.
Countries/Continents: North America/U.S.A.
URL: http://northwest-lichenologists.wildapricot.org/page-1854217
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Abstract: Premise of the study: Thallus architecture has long been a powerful guide for classifying lichens and has often trumped photobiont association and ascomatal type, but the reliability of these characters to predict phylogenetic affinity has seldom been tested. The cyanolichen genus Polychidium unites species that have strikingly similar gross morphology but consort with different photobiont genera. If Polychidium were found to be monophyletic, photobiont switching among closely related species would be suggested. If, however, species were found to arise in different lineages, a convergent body plan and ascomatal type evolution would be inferred. Methods: We tested the monophyly of Polychidium with a multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data from all known Peltigeralean families and reconstructed ancestral states for specific thallus architecture and ascomatal ontogeny types relative to Polychidium and other clades. Key results: We found that Polychidium consists of two species groups that arose independently in different suborders within the Peltigerales, associated with Nostoc and Scytonema photobionts, respectively. We infer from ancestral character state reconstruction that dendroid thallus architecture evolved independently in these two lineages. Conclusions: The independent development of similar dendroid thallus architecture in different fungal suborders with different photobionts represents a clear and previously overlooked example of convergent evolution in lichens. Our results also suggest a pattern of character state conservation, loss, and reversion in ascomatal ontogeny types, hitherto considered conserved traits useful for higher level ascomycete systematics.
Genera/Families: Polychidium
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Keywords: Chemistry/ Ecology/ Morphology/ Multigene phylogeny/ Phylogeography/ Symbiosis
Abstract: Understanding how many species exist and the processes by which they form remains a central topic of ecological and evolutionary biology, but represents a special challenge within microbial groups. The lichen-forming fungi represent one of the best examples in which species evolution and diversity create patterns of high phenotypic plasticity coupled with wide geographic distributions. We sampled the lichen-forming species Tephromela atra and related species at a world-wide scale to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis using three nuclear markers. Samples were also studied for morphological and chemical traits to assess how well the phenotypic relationships with species, previously segregated from T. atra, agrees with molecular data. We used a genealogical concordance approach and identified 15 monophyletic clades, which may represent independent lineages. By combining morphological and chemical characters, ecological preferences and geographic origin we distinguish six different species. Although subtle phenotypical traits are frequently used for describing previously cryptic species in fungi, the continuum of variability found in morphology and chemical patterns in T. atra prevents the description of new taxa with characteristic traits. We observed that phenotypic characters arise in parallel at local or regional scale but are not correlated with genetic isolation. Therefore, they are insufficient for characterizing species with broad geographic ranges within T. atra. © 2013 Mushroom Research Foundation.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0271-4
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Keywords: North America, Alaska, biogeography, lichens, Hypogymina, Collema
Abstract: Hypogymnia pulverata is a foliose macrolichen distinguished by its solid medulla and laminal soredia. Though widespread in Asia, it is considered rare in North America, where it is currently known from three widely separated locations in Québec, Oregon, and Alaska. We document the first report of this species from Alaska and from several new localities within south-central and southwestern Alaska. Collema leptaleum is a non-stratified, foliose cyanolichen distinguished by its multicellular, fusiform ascospores and a distinct exciple cell type. It is globally distributed, known most proximately from Kamchatka, Japan and eastern North America, but considered rare in Europe. It has not heretofore been reported from western North America. We report it from three locations in south-central Alaska.
URL: http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf_files/manuscripts_volume_6/naf20117.pdf
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Keywords: Jarmania/ Key words Bacidia/ lichens/ polysporous asci/ Ramalinaceae/ Scoliciosporum/ taxonomy
Abstract: Abstract A taxonomic and biogeographic overview of the genus Myrionora is provided. Two species are recognized, M. albidula (Willey) R. C. Harris and M. pseudocyphellariae (Etayo) S. Ekman & Palice comb. nov. The genus is characterized by polysporous asci, the presence of crystals in the hymenium and proper exciple that partly consist of lobaric acid, and a photobiont with large cells (mostly in the range 12-20 Âm). Myrionora albidula is currently known from Germany, Norway, Sweden, the Russian Federation (Altayskiy Kray, Chelyabinskaya Oblast', Khabarovskiy Kray and Zabaykal'skiy Kray), and the United States (Alaska, Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts). It inhabits bark of deciduous trees and shrubs and conifers over a wide range of latitudes. Myrionora pseudocyphellariae is known from Chile and Ecuador, where it has been encountered on lichens and decaying bark. Based on morphological characteristics, we conclude that Myrionora belongs in the Ramalinaceae. Copyright © British Lichen Society 2013.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282912000692
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Genera/Families: Leconora
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Abstract: [New lichenicolous species: Llimoniella cinnabarinae.] The new lichenicolous fungus Llimoniella cinnabarinae growing on Ramboldia cinnabarina from Alaska is described. The lack of excipular or epihymenial K+ purplish, violet or green pigments places it near the recently described L. phaeophysciae group. Its affinity with Llimoniella and other members of lichenicolous Helotiales is discussed.
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Abstract: [Correction to Table 1.]
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Abstract: The new lichenicolous fungus Llimoniella cinnabarinae growing on Ramboldia cinnabarina from Alaska is described. The lack of excipular or epihymenial K+ purplish, violet or green pigments places it near the recently described L. phaeophysciae group. Its affinity with Llimoniella and other members of lichenicolous Helotiales is discussed.
Notes: New species: Llimoniella cinnabarinae Pérez-Ortega, Etayo & T. Sprib.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000272
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Abstract: The genus Rinodina (Physciaceae), with approximately 300 species, has been subject to few phylogenetic studies. Consequently taxonomic hypotheses in Rinodina are largely reliant on phenotypic data, while hypotheses incorporating DNA dependent methods remain to be tested. Here we investigate Rinodina degeliana/R. subparieta and the Rinodina mniaraea group, which previously have not been subjected to comprehensive molecular and phenotypic studies. We conducted detailed morphological, anatomical, chemical, molecular phylogenetic and species delimitation studies including 24 newly sequenced specimens. We propose that Rinodina degeliana and R. subparieta are conspecific and that chemical morphs within the R. mniaraea group should be recognized as distinct species. We also propose the placement of the recently described genus Oxnerella in Physciaceae.
Notes: Rinodina degeliana Coppins placed in synonymy with R. subparieta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. based on molecular data. Rinodina mniarea s.l. revised with molecular data to comprise: R. cinnamomea (Th.Fr.) Räsänen, R. mniaraea (Ach.) Körb. and R. mniaraeiza (Nyl.) Arnold. Lectotypified: Lecanora turfacea var. biatorina Nyl., Lecidea mniaroeoides Nyl., Parmelia hookeri sensu Fr. non Lichen hookeri Borr. ex Sm., R. turfacea var. nuda Körb.
URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/lichenologist/article/morphological-chemical-and-species-delimitation-analyses-provide-new-taxonomic-insights-into-two-groups-of-rinodina/69908449F78C999A888FEDB6AEDF1BE8
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Keywords: Ascomycota/ Fungi/ Lambiella/ Lecanoromycetes/ Ostropomycetidae/ Parainoa/ Paraphyly/ SOWH test/ Taxon sampling
Abstract: Trapelioid fungi constitute a widespread group of mostly crust-forming lichen mycobionts that are key to understanding the early evolutionary splits in the Ostropomycetidae, the second-most species-rich subclass of lichenized Ascomycota. The uncertain phylogenetic resolution of the approximately 170 species referred to this group contributes to a poorly resolved backbone for the entire subclass. Based on a data set including 657 newly generated sequences from four ribosomal and four protein-coding gene loci, we tested a series of a priori and new evolutionary hypotheses regarding the relationships of trapelioid clades within Ostropomycetidae. We found strong support for a monophyletic group of nine core trapelioid genera but no statistical support to reject the long-standing hypothesis that trapelioid genera are sister to Baeomycetaceae or Hymeneliaceae. However, we can reject a sister group relationship to Ostropales with high confidence. Our data also shed light on several long-standing questions, recovering Anamylopsoraceae nested within Baeomycetaceae, elucidating two major monophyletic groups within trapelioids (recognized here as Trapeliaceae and Xylographaceae), and rejecting the monophyly of the genus Rimularia. We transfer eleven species of the latter genus to Lambiella and describe the genus Parainoa to accommodate a previously misunderstood species of Trapeliopsis. Past phylogenetic studies in Ostropomycetidae have invoked “divergence order” for drawing taxonomic conclusions on higher level taxa. Our data show that if backbone support is lacking, contrasting solutions may be recovered with different or added data. We accordingly urge caution in concluding evolutionary relationships from unresolved phylogenies.
Genera/Families: Lithographa/Ptychographa/Xylographa/Lambiella/Rimularia/Placynthiella/Trapeliopsis/Trapelia/Placopsis/Schaereriaceae/Schaereria/Loxospora/Sarrameana/Anzina/Protothelenella/Anamylopsora/Baeomycetaceae/Ainoa/Trapeliaceae/Xylographaceae/Amylora/Coppinsia/Cameronia/
Notes: New: Parainoa Resl & T. Sprib., Parainoa subconcolor (Anzi) Resl & T. Sprib. (≡ Biatora subconcolor Anzi), Lambiella caeca (J. Lowe) Resl & T. Sprib. (≡ Lecidea caeca J. Lowe, L.furvella(Nyl. ex Mudd) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Lecidea furvella Nyl. ex Mudd), L. fuscosora(Muhr & Tønsberg) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Rimularia fuscosora Muhr & Tønsberg), L. globulosa (Coppins) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Rimularia globulosa Coppins), L. gyrizans (Nyl.) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Lecidea gyrizans Nyl.), L. hepaticola (Kantvilas & Coppins) Resl & T. Sprib. (≡ Rimularia hepaticola Kantvilas & Coppins), L.impavida (Th.Fr.) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Lecidea impavida Th.Fr.), L. sphacelata (Th.Fr.) M. Westb. & Resl (≡ Lecidea sphacelata Th.Fr.). New synonyms: Trapeliopsis aeneofusca (Flörke ex Flot.) Coppins & P. James is placed in synonymy with T. gelatinosa (Flörke) Coppins & P. James; Anamylopsoraceae Lumbsch & Lunke, Lithographaceae Poelt nom. inval., Rimulariaceae Hafellner, and Xylographaceae Tuck., are treated as synonyms of Baeomycetaceae Dumort.
URL: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13225-015-0332-y
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Keywords: Apothecia/ Fungi/ nutrient flows/ sexual reproduction/ speciation/ symbiosis
Abstract: Large, architecturally complex lichen symbioses arose only a few times in evolution, increasing thallus size by orders of magnitude over those from which they evolved. The innovations that enabled symbiotic assemblages to acquire and maintain large sizes are unknown. We mapped morphometric data against an eight-locus fungal phylogeny across one of the best-sampled thallus size transition events, the origins of the Placopsis lichen symbiosis, and used a phylogenetic comparative framework to explore the role of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in size differences. Thallus thickness increased by >150% and fruiting body core volume increased nine-fold on average after acquisition of cyanobacteria. Volume of cyanobacteria-containing structures (cephalodia), once acquired, correlates with thallus thickness in both phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) and phylogenetic generalized linear mixed-effects (pGLMM) analyses. Our results suggest that the availability of nitrogen is an important factor in the formation of large thalli. Cyanobacterial symbiosis appears to have enabled lichens to overcome size constraints in oligotrophic environments such as acidic, rain-washed rock surfaces. In the case of the Placopsis fungal symbiont this has led to an adaptive radiation of more than 60 recognized species from related crustose members of the genus Trapelia. Our data suggest that pre-cyanobacterial symbiotic lineages were constrained to forming a narrow range of phenotypes, so-called cryptic species, leading systematists until now to recognize only six of the 18 species clusters we identified in Trapelia.
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.13636/full
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URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S002428291500016X
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Keywords: LICHENIZED ASCOMYCETES/ PHYTOGEOGRAPHY/ STERILE CRUST/ SOREDIA/ BLASTIDIA
Abstract: Two species of Rinodina are described as new to science (R. buckii and R. bullata) and a third is reported for the first time from arctic Canada (R. ochracea). Rinodina buckii, a sorediate species that resembles R. willeyi is described from disjunct localities in East Asia and the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Rinodina bullata, a species with a peculiar minutely areolate thallus that is frequently sterile, is described from the central Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Rinodina ochracea, originally described from Greenland, is reported from the Northwest Territories in Canada. The newly described species are illustrated with both colour light micrographs (CLMs) and scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), and maps of their geographic distributions are presented. CLMs and SEMs of R. excrescens and R. willeyi are also provided for comparison.
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Abstract: Lichens are a prominent feature of northern conifer forests and a large number of species are thought to be circumboreal. Whether or not circumboreal lichen species really constitute monophyletic groups has seldom been tested. We investigated molecular phylogenetic patterns in the mycobiont of Mycoblastus sanguinarius, a well known epiphytic lichen species of the boreal forest, based on material collected from across the high latitude northern hemisphere. A three-locus dataset of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-a and replication licensing factor Mcm7 DNA sequences revealed that material treated until now as belonging to M. sanguinarius does indeed form a monophyletic group within the genus and is distinct from a strongly supported Mycoblastus af?nis. The M. sanguinarius complex appears closely related to the rare Mycoblastus glabrescens, which is currently known only from the Paci?c Northwest and was rediscovered during the present study. However, within M. sanguinarius s.lat. in the northern hemisphere, two deeply divergent and morphologically coherent species can be recovered, one of which matches the southern hemisphere species Mycoblastus sanguinarioides and turns out to be widespread in North America and Asia, and one of which corresponds to M. sanguinarius s.str. Both M. sanguinarius and M. sanguinarioides exhibit additional low-level genetic differentiation into geographically structured clades, the most prominent of which are distributed in East Asia/eastern North America and western North America/Europe, respectively. Individuals from these lowest-level clades are morphologically indistinguishable but chemical analyses by thin layer chromatography revealed that each clade possesses its own fatty acid pro?le, suggesting that chemical differentiation precedes morphological differentiation and may be a precursor to speciation.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311001606?via%3Dihub
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Keywords: conservation/ rare species
URL: https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/70385861/70385867
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Abstract: The ascomycete genus Xylographa includes some of the most abundant species of wood-inhabiting lichenized fungi in boreal and temperate regions. It has never been monographed and little is known of its species diversity and evolutionary relationships. Based on a morphological and secondary metabolite-based assessment of material from North and South America, Europe and Asia, we generated a three-locus phylogeny based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, 28S nuclear rDNA and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA. We analyzed the data within the context of putatively related genera in the order Baeomycetales. Xylographa is a strongly supported monophyletic group closely related to Lithographa and Ptychographa, as well as rock-dwelling and lichenicolous species of Rimularia s.lat. The evolution of linearized ascomata in Xylographa appears to have enabled ascomata to grow laterally, and patterns of lateral growth are diagnostic. We recognize twenty species in Xylographa and provide a thorough revision of nomenclature. The following eight species are new: Xylographa bjoerkii T. Sprib., X. constricta T. Sprib., X. erratica T. Sprib., X. lagoi T. Sprib. & Pérez-Ortega, X. schofieldii T. Sprib., X. septentrionalis T. Sprib., X. stenospora T. Sprib. & Resl and X. vermicularis T. Sprib. The combinations Lambiella insularis (Nyl.) T. Sprib. and Xylographa carneopallida (Räsänen) T. Sprib. are newly proposed. Xylographa constricta from southern South America represents the first known case of secondary de-lichenization in the Baeomycetales. Xylographa parallela s.str. is confirmed as bipolar on the basis of sequenced collections from both southern Chile and the northern Hemisphere.
Notes: New: Xylographa bjoerkii T.Sprib. (from Canada and U.S.A.), X. carneopallida (Räsänen) T.Sprib. (≡ X. rubescens var. carneopallida Räsänen), X. constricta T.Sprib. (from Chile), X. erratica T.Sprib. (from Canada, Finland, Russia and U.S.A), X. lagoi T.Sprib. & Pérez-Ortega (from Spain), X. schofieldii T.Sprib. (from Canada and U.S.A.), X. septentrionalis T.Sprib. (from Canada and U.S.A.), X. stenospora T.Sprib. & Resl (from Canada and U.S.A.), X. vermicularis T.Sprib. (from Japan, Russia and U.S.A.). Lectotypified: Lichen parallelus Ach., Lecidea trunciseda Th.Fr., Stictis linearis Cooke & Ellis, X. arctica Vain., X. arctica var. subhians Vain., X. disseminata Willey, X. hians Tuck., X. laricicola Nyl., X. opegraphella Nyl., X. parallela var. difformis Vain., X. parallela var. pallens Nyl., X. parallela var. sessitana Bagl., X. rubescens Räsänen. Neotypified: X. rubescens var. degelii Räsänen. Xylographa pruinodisca B.D.Ryan & T.H.Nash placed in synonymy with X. difformis, X. crassithallia B.D.Ryan & T.H.Nash placed in synonymy with X. difformis with question.
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Keywords: body plan/ cyanobacteria/ Erinacellus/ lichenization/ photobiont/ phylogenetics
Abstract: Spilonema was originally described to accommodate an unusual group of cyanolichens with thread-like, cushion-forming thalli, and has long been placed in Coccocarpiaceae based on ascomatal development. However, Spilonema is the only genus of Peltigerales to include species lichenized with the cyanobacterial genus Stigonema, and the evolutionary relationships of Spilonema to other genera in the family have yet to be tested using molecular data. We present evidence from combined nuclear 28S, 18S and mitochondrial 12S rDNA to confirm the placement of the core species of Spilonema (S. paradoxum and S. revertens) in Coccocarpiaceae. Our data further show that despite possessing a different genus of photobiont (Scytonema), the north Pacific endemic genus Spilonemella must be included within Spilonema, suggesting that closely related species of the genus have changed photobionts in the course of evolution. However, we recovered Spilonema dendroides, one of the only lichens known to associate with the cyanobacterial genus Hyphomorpha, as only distantly related to the Coccocarpiaceae. The evolutionary relationships of this species are as yet unclear but it may occupy a basal position in the Peltigerales. We create for this species the new genus Erinacellus T. Sprib., Muggia & Tønsberg.
Notes: Spilonema confirmed as belonging in Coccocarpiaceae. Spilonemella Henssen & Tønsberg is placed in synonymy with Spilonema. New: Erinacellus T. Sprib., Tønsberg & Muggia (type: E. dendroides), E. dendroides (Henssen) T. Sprib., Tønsberg & Muggia (≡ Spilonema dendroides Henssen), Spilonema americanum (Henssen & Tønsberg) T. Sprib., Tønsberg & Muggia (≡ Spilonemella americana Henssen & Tønsberg), Spilonema japonicum (Henssen) T. Sprib., Tønsberg & Muggia (≡ Spilonemella japonica Henssen).
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282913000601
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Abstract: For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen–one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
URL: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/20/science.aaf8287
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Abstract: The crustose lichen genus Mycoblastus in the Northern Hemisphere includes eight recognized species sharing large, simple ascospores produced 1-2 per ascus in strongly pigmented biatorine apothecia. The monophyly of Mycoblastus and the relationship of its various species to Tephromelataceae have never been studied in detail. Data from ITS rDNA and the genes coding for translation elongation factor 1-α and DNA replication licensing factor mini-chromosome maintenance complex 7 support the distinctness of Mycoblastus s. str. from the core of the Tephromelataceae, but recover M. fucatus and an undescribed Asian species as strongly supported within the latter group. We propose accommodating these two species in a new genus, Violella, which is characterized by its brownish inner ascospore walls, Fucatus-violet hymenial pigment granules and secondary chemistry, and discuss the position of Violella relative to Calvitimela and Tephromela. We describe the new species Violella wangii T. Sprib. & Goffinet to accommodate a new species with roccellic acid from Bhutan, China, India and the Russian Far East. We also exclude Mycoblastus indicus Awasthi & Agarwal from the genus Mycoblastus and propose for it the new combination Malmidea indica (Awasthi & Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib.
Genera/Families: Violella/Tephromelataceae
Notes: New species: Violella wangii T. Sprib. & Goffinet; new combinations: Violella fucata (Stirt.) T. Sprib. and Malmidea indica (Awasthi & Agarwal) Hafellner & T. Sprib.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0024282911000478
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Keywords: Ascus types/ Cyanobacteria/ Koerberiaceae/ Lichen/ Phylogenetics/ Symbiosis/ Systematics
Abstract: Lichens that incorporate cyanobacterial symbionts (cyanolichens) are an ecologically key group of species used as biomonitors at all latitudes. Cyanolichen evolution is however based on intense studies of few keystone species and the bulk of species diversity, especially of small species in cold climates, has yet to be accounted for in phylogenetic studies. We assembled an expanded data set including members of all nine currently accepted Peltigeralean families as well as hitherto undersampled representatives of small, radially symmetrical, placodioid cyanolichen genera from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Bayesian and maximum likelihood consensus trees from our multilocus analyses (nuSSU, nuLSU and mtSSU) recovered the genera Koerberia, Vestergrenopsis and Steinera as a new, fully supported, family-level clade within the Peltigerales. This clade is further supported by a posteriori morphological analysis and we describe it here as the new family Koerberiaceae. The recently described and physiognomically similar genus Steineropsis, by contrast, is recovered as sister to Protopannaria in the Pannariaceae (Collematineae). Previous analyses have recovered strong monophyletic groups around Pannariaceae, Lobariaceae and Peltigeraceae. We discuss in detail the phylogenetic relationships of all these taxa, provide a pan-Peltigeralean overview of phenotypic characteristics and illustrate all major ascus apical structures. Our topology provides strong backbone support for the sister relationship of Peltigerineae to Collematineae as well as for most currently recognized families of the Peltigerales. The following new combinations are made: Steinera symptychia (Tuck.) T. Sprib. & Muggia, and Vestergrenopsis sonomensis (Tuck.) T. Sprib. & Muggia. © 2012 Mushroom Research Foundation.
Notes: New family: Koerberiaceae
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0206-5
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Keywords: Heath/ Meadow/ OptimClass/ Parkland/ Subalpine Vegetation/ Vegetation Classification
Abstract: Question: The mountains of NW North America are home to natural meadows that cover large areas at the timberline. The vegetation of these meadows has been the topic of few local studies, and little is known of species composition turnover across mountain ranges and along the latitudinal gradient. We sampled and analyzed community composition along a 1000-km gradient to answer the following questions: (1) what are the main community types in timberline meadows; (2) what are the most important abiotic gradients underlying their composition; and (3) how is species diversity related to environmental factors and how does it change along the latitudinal gradient? Location: SE and central British Columbia (Canada), NW Montana (USA). Methods: We recorded data on cover and presence/absence of vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen species, as well as structure and environmental properties in 4 m × 4 m plots (n = 112). Using the OptimClass approach, we classified plots into distinct community types. We used NMDS and multiple regressions to analyse the relationship between composition, species richness and environmental and geographic gradients. Results: Despite drawing from a large geographic area, our classification revealed only four meadow communities. Mesic meadows were the most frequent and had a pronounced species turnover along latitude, resulting in two distinct community types. In addition, a three-dimensional ordination showed that vegetation structural properties, macroclimate and geographic predictors were important underlying gradients for species composition. Vascular species richness increased with soil pH, and exhibited a quadratic relationship with litter cover and latitude. Furthermore, in the latter case, it increased towards the southern and northern ends of our gradient. Conclusions: Detection of only four meadow communities along the 1000-km sampling gradient suggests a relatively recently established flora and a lack of regional differentiation consistent with the low level of endemism in the region. Higher vascular species diversity at the northern and southern edges of our gradient may reflect the geographic proximity to areas unglaciated during the Pleistocene, and suggests that areas farthest from the unglaciated edge may be experiencing colonization debt. © 2013 International Association for Vegetation Science.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12045
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Number of hits shown/total: 32/32.
Number of records in database: 53317.
Current date: 2023.12.07.OK